...(including people) and their environment. The premise upon which this new ethical attitude rested was that "the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts." The first principle of conservation was "to preserve all the parts of the land mechanism." It was obvious...

...extend such rights to members of our ecological community. "All ethics so far evolved," wrote Leopold, "rest upon a single premise: that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts. The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and...

...wildlife ecology, was among the first to see the connection clearly. "All ethics," he wrote in 1949, "rest upon a single premise: that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts."2 With national origins steeped in the social contract theory of John Locke, Americans were...

...lack of relational complexity. Leopold is right to insist, against Gleason's fortuitous juxtaposition, that "the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts."" Ecosystems are not as coherent as organisms but are not randomly fortuitous either; they fit together...

...such situations. Ethics are possibly a kind of community mstinct in-the-making. THE COMMUNITY CONCEPT All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise:...His instincts prompt him to compete for his place in that community, but his ethics prompt him also to co-operate (perhaps in order that there may be a...

...principal idea upon which Leopold rests his land ethic is the ecological concept of a biotic community: "All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise:...is a member of a community of interdependent parts. . . . The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants,...

...sometimes he interprets this as the enlargement of the moral community. 'All ethics so far evolved rest on a single premise: that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts . . . The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants,...

...organisms and the ecosystem as a whole would be granted rights and respected as ends in themselves: All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise:...is a member of a community of interdependent parts . . . The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants,...

...of conservation have no totally technical solution but require a fundamental extension of morality: "All ethics so far evolved rest upon a single premise:...is a member of a community of interdependent parts (biotic and abiotic)." "Quit thinking about decent land-use as solely an economic problem. Examine...

...valuable because they feed into the concept of the "biotic community." "All ethics so far evolved rests upon a single premise: that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts." But ethics has previously focused only on human society; we need now to learn community in environmental...