Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Mark, Hans Michael, 1929-

Management of research institutions.

(NASA SP; 481)

Bibliography: p. 237.

Includes index.

. Research institutes-United States-Management.
2. Technology-United States-Management. I. Levine,
Arnold. II. Title. III. Series.

Q180.U5M325 1984

001.4'068

84-14869

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402

Contents

Introduction

CHAPTER I. What is Technology Development?

The Nature of Technology Development

The Federal Technology Development Laboratory

Plan of This Book....

ix

1

1

6

10

CHAPTER II. The Technology Development Laboratory

From its Origins to the Second World War

13

Origins of the Technology Development Laboratory. . . . . . . . 13

Research and Development Institutions in the

United States

Conclusions

325

25

34

CHAPTER III. The Technology Development Laboratory

from the Second World War to the Early 1970s.

35

The Manhattan Project ..

.. 37

The Post-War Period: Origins of Government by

Problems of Research Diversification

A Case Study: The NASA Helicopter Program

Conclusions

CHAPTER V. The Structure of Technology Development

Laboratories

Obstacles to Technical Innovation

Organizational Structure of Research and Development

Institutions

Innovation in Technology Development Centers

A Case Study: NASA's Management of its Research and

Technology.

Conclusions..

CHAPTER VI. Projects: The Ultimate Reality

Definition of the Subject

What Project Management Entails

Case Studies

CHAPTER VII. The Management of the Professional Staff.... 139

Employment Patterns Among Federal Scientists and

Engineers..

The Problem of the Aging Staff.

Research Productivity in the Federal System

Two Case Studies in Personnel Management

Conclusions...

CHAPTER VIII. Supporting Functions and Personnel

Supporting Functions Defined

Measuring Productivity: The Method of Support Ratios

Measuring Productivity: The Job Analysis Method ...

The Legal Status of Support Services

The Role of the Sponsoring Agency

Autonomy of the Federal Technology Development

Laboratory

Strengthening Productivity: The Role of the National

Bureau of Standards

The Multiprogram Laboratories of the Energy

Department

CHAPTER XI. Conclusions.

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY.

193

193

.. 200

207

213

223

237

249

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS FREQUENTLY

CITED IN TEXT.

255

APPENDIX I. Glossary of Science and Technology Terms ..... 257

APPENDIX II. Chronology of Federal Executive Branch

Science Organization, 1787 - 1976 ...

263