"On the Structure and Life-History of Diplodia natalensis. n. sp.,'' Union Dept. of Agric., Sci. Bull. 1, pp. 1-16, pls. 1-8, 1911.

"Report on Cold Storage Conditions for Export Fruit," Union Dept. Agric., Bull. 2, 1920.

"A New Smut on Sorghum halepense Nees," South African Jour. Sci., XI, 543-544, pl. 19, 1916.

Pole Evans, I. B., Mary R. H. Thomson, V. A. Putterill, and Geo. Hobson.— "Further Investigations into the Cause of Wastage in Export Citrus Fruits from South Africa," Union Dept. of Agric.. Bull. 1, 1921, pp. 1–48, figs. 1-54.

Putterill, V. A.-" A New Apple Tree Canker," South African Journ. Sci., XVI, 253-271, pls. xxi-xxx, 1919.

Van der Bijl, P. A.-" A Study on the Dry-rot Disease of Maize," Union Dept. of Agric., Sci. Bull. 7, pp. 1-60, figs. 1-6, 1916.

"Wilt or Crown Rot Disease of Carnations caused by Fusarium sp.," Ann. of Applied Biology, II, 269-291, pls. 37-40, 1916.

"Heart Rot of Ptaeroxylon utile (Sneezewood) caused by Fomes rimosus (Berk)," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., VI, 215-266, pls. 39-44, 1917.

Note on Polyporus lucidus Leyss. and its Effect on the Wood of the Willow," South African Jour. Sci., XII, pp. 506-515, pls. 12-16, and 6 text figs., 1917.

D.-SOUTH AFRICAN PHYTOGEOGRAPHY.

The earlier accounts are summarized in :

Marloth, R.“ Das Kapland, insonderheit das Reich der Kapflora, das Waldgebiet und die Karroo," Pflanzengeographisch dargestellt, Jena, 1908. This work, which deals chiefly with the formations and associations of south-west Cape Colony, has a valuable chapter on "The Ecology of South African Plants and another on "The Origin of the Cape Flora."

The foundations of South African phytogeography were laid by :Drege, F. J.-" Zwei Pflanzengeographische Dokumente,'

Einleitung von Prof. E. Meyer, Regensburg, 1843.

Bolus, H.-" Sketch of the Flora of South Africa" in Official Handbook of the Cape of Good Hope, 1886; and "Sketch of the Floral Regions of South Africa" in Science in South Africa, 1905.

The following should also be consulted :

Engler, A.-" Die Pflanzenwelt Africas," 4 vols., Leipzig, 1908, 1910, 1921.

Schönland, S.-" Our Knowledge of South African Succulents," in addresses and papers read at the joint meeting of the British and S.A.A.A.S., III, Johannesburg, 1905.

"A Summary of the Distribution of the Genera of South African Flowering Plants," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., VII, 1918.

On some Facts and Theories bearing on the Origin of the South African
Phanerogamic Flora," Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XVIII, 1907.

Bews, J. W.-" Some General Principles of Plant Distribution as illustrated by the South African Flora" (with bibliography), Ann. of Botany, XXXV, 1921.

"Plant Succession and Plant Distribution in South Africa," Ann. of Botany, XXXIV, 1920.

Engler, A.-" Ueber Herkunft, Alter und Verbreitung extremer xerothermer Pflanzen," in Sitzungsber der K. Preuss. Ak. d. Wiss, XX, 1914. Stapf, O." Die Gliederung der Grserflora von Südafrika," Berlin, 1904.

Dinter." Deutsch Südwest Afrika."

Schinz, H.-" Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch Südwest Afrikas," Genève, 18961900.

"Deutsch Südwest Afrika in Botanischer Beziehung," I, Zürich, 1911.

Die Deutsche Interessensphäre in Südwest Afrika," Fernschau, IV, 1890.

Marloth, R." The Vegetation of the Southern Namib," S.A. Journ. Sci., Jan., 1910.

Pearson, H. H. W.-" Accounts of His Travels in South-west Africa," Gard. Chron., 1909, 1911, and Geogr. Journ., 1910.

Diels, L.-" Formationen und Florenelemente im nordwestlichen Kapland,"
Engl. Bot. Jahrb., XLIV, 1909.

Bolus, H., and Wolley Dod, A. H.-" List of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of the Cape Peninsula," Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XIV.
Engler, A.-" Ueber die Frühlingsflora des Tafelberges bei Kapstadt,"
Leipzig, 1903.

Bolus, L.-" Key to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula," Ann. Bol. Herb., I.
Phillips, E. P.-" A Note on the Flora of the Great Winterhoek Range,"
S.A. Journ. of Science, 1918.

"Some Notes on a Collecting Trip to French Hoek," S.A. Journ. of Science, 1918.

Schönland, S.-" The Phanerogamic Flora of the Divisions of Uitenhage and
Port Elizabeth," Memoir I, Botanical Survey of South Africa, 1919.
"The Flowering Plants of the Albany and Bathurst Districts," Rec. Alb.
Mus., II, 1907.

Rogers, F. A.—Provisional List of Flowering Plants and Ferns found in
the Divisions of Albany and Bathurst," Grahamstown, 1909.
Thode, J.-" Die Küsten-vegetation von British-Kaffrarien," Engl. Bot.
Jahrb., XII.

Sim, T. R.—“ Sketch and Check List of the Flora of Kaffraria," Capetown,
1894.
Pegler, A.-
1918.

"

"On the Flora of Kentani in Ann. Bolus Herb., 1916, 1917,

Sim, T. R.-" Botanical Observations on the Forests of Eastern Pondoland," Cape Agric. Journ., 1899.

Phillips, E. P.-" A Contribution to the Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs," Ann. S.A. Mus., XVI.

Thode, J." The Botanical Regions of Natal determined by Altitude," 1901.

Wood, J. M.-" Revised List of the Flora of Natal," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., I, 1910.

"Addendum to the Revised List of Natal Plants," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., III, 1913.

Bews, J. W.-" The Flora of Natal and Zululand," Pietermaritzburg, 1921. Burtt-Davy, J., and Pott-Leendertz, R.-"A First Check List of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Transvaal and Swaziland," Pretoria, 1911.

von

Norton, W. A.-" Plants of Bechuanaland" (in the press).
Engler, A.-"Beiträge zur Kenntniss
Kenntniss der Pflanzenformationen
Transvaal und Natal," Sitzb. Kgl. Pr. Ak. d. Wiss., LII., 1906.
"Pflanzengeographische Gliederung von Afrika," Ibid, XXXVIII, 1908.
Marloth, R.-"Das Südöstliche Kalahari-gebiet," Engl. Bot. Jahrb.,
VIII, 1887.

The following are also of great phytogeographical interest :Szyszylowicz, I.-" Polypetalae Rehmannianae," Cracov, 1887, 1888. Engler, A.-" Plantae Marlothianae," Engl. Bot. Jahrb., X, 1889; XI, 1890. Zahlbruckner, A.--" Plantae Pentherianae," Vienna, 1900, 1903, 1905. Pearson, H. H. W. (assisted by several Botanists)—“ List of the Plants collected on the Percy Sladen Memorial Expedition," Ann. S.A. Mus., IX, and Ann. Bolus Herb., I, III.

E. ECOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICAN PLANTS.

Extensive accounts of certain aspects of South African plant-ecology will be found in the two works by

Marloth, R." Das Kapland" and "Flora of South Africa," already referred to; and in the following works by

Bews, J. W.-"The Plant Succession in the Thorn Veld," S.A. Journ. of Science, Nov., 1917.

The Plant Ecology of the Drakensberg Range," Ann. Natal Museum,
III, 1917.

The Vegetation of Natal," Ann. Natal Mus., II, 1912.

"Ecological Survey of the Midlands of Natal," Ann. Natal Mus., II, 1913.

"Account of the Chief Types of Vegetation in South Africa, with Notes on the Plant Succession," Journ. of Ecology, IV, 1916.

The Growth Forms of Natal Plants," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., V, 1916.
Plant Ecology of the Coast Belt of Natal," Ann. Natal Mus., IV, 1920.
The Grasses and Grasslands of South Africa," Pietermaritzburg, 1918.

The floral mechanisms of South African plants and their relation to pollination is worked out only in a comparatively small proportion of our plants, though in the aggregate their number is not inconsiderable. Only a few can be referred to here. In addition, Marloth, "Das Kapland and Flora of South Africa," should be consulted.

Rattray, G.-" Note on the Pollination of South African Cycads," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., III, 1913.

Church, A. H.-" On the Floral Mechanism of Welwitschia mirabilis, Hook," Trans. Roy. Soc. B., Vol. CCV, 1914.

As regards the earlier publications on the floral mechanism of South African Angiosperms, the papers by Mrs. Barber, Trimen, and Mansel Weale, quoted in MacOwan and Bolus' catalogue, should be consulted. Scott Elliott was the first to call attention to a number of ornithophilous South African flowers in two papers published in Ann. of Botany, IV, 1890. They have been greatly added to, especially by Marloth (see Report S.A.A.A.S.. 1907). Amongst very peculiar floral mechanisms, Schönland described that of Cyphia (Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., 1890) and of Crassula (§ Globulea) (Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XVI, 1896); Phillips, that of Cyanella (S.A. Journ. of Science, 1918); and Marloth, that of Hydnora africana (Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XVI, 1907). The diplostigmatic flowers of Sebaea were dealt with by Marloth in Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., I, 1909, and A. W. Hill in Ann. of Bot., XXVII, 479; and quite lately Marloth has described the floral mechanism of Adenandra in Ann. Bolus Herb., III, 1920. Amongst other ecological papers on South African plants the following have been selected :Aitken, R. D., and Gale, G. W.-" A Reconnaisance Trip through N.E. Zululand," Memoirs Bot. Survey, II (1921).

Marloth, R." On the Means of Distribution of Seeds in the South African Flora," presidential address to the S.A. Phil. Soc., Aug., 1894.

Marloth, R.—" Notes on the Occurrence of Alpine Types in the Vegetation of the Higher Peaks of the South-west Region of the Cape," Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XI, 1901.

Some Recent Observations on Roridula," Ann. of Bot., XVII, 1903. Mimicry amongst Plants," Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XV, XVI, XVII, XVII.

"Die Blattscheiden von Watsonia meriana Muh., als Wasserabsorbirende Organe," Festschrift für Schwendener.

"Effect on Plants by Prevailing Winds," Report of S.A.A.A.S., 1906. "Schutzmittel der Pflanzen gegen übermässige Insolation," Ber. d. d. bot. Gesellschaft., XXVIII, 1909.

"Experiments for Ascertaining the Amount of Moisture Deposited from the South-eastern Clouds," Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., XIV, 1903; XVI, 1906.

Schönland, S.-"The Absorption of Water by Aerial Organs of Some Succulents," Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., I, 1910; see also criticism by Marloth in the same volume.

"On Some Points in the Morphology and Biology of a New Species of Haworthia," Ib'd.

"On so-called Wood-flowers on Burkea africana caused by Loranthus dregei, E. and Z.," Rec. Albany Mus., III, 1914.

"Morphological and Biological Observations on the genus Anacampseros," Report S.A.A.A.S., I, 1903.

Hofmeyr, J.-" A Note on the Germination of the Seed of Elephantorrhiza burchellii," S.A. Journ. Nat. Hist., III, 215.

Delf, E. M.-"Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula," S.A. Journ. Nat. Hist., III, 215.

Bottomley, A. M., and Fuller, C.-" The Fungus Food of Certain Termites," S.A. Journ. Nat. Hist., III, 139, 223.

F. FOSSIL PLANTS.

Schönland, S.-" Plant Life in South Africa during Past Geological Ages," E.P. Magazine, I, 1893.

Schwarz, E. H. L.-" South African Palaeozoic Fossils," Rec. Alb. Mus., I, 1906.

Seward, B. A.-" Fossil Floras of Cape Colony," Ann. S.A. Mus., IV, 1908. "A New Genus of Fossil Plants from the Stormberg Series of Cape Colony," Rec. Alb. Mus., II, 1912.

HINTS ON THE PHOTOGRAPHING OF PLANTS.

By R. MARLOTH, Ph.D.

THERE is no need here to emphasize and to discuss the usefulness, or rather the indispensability, of the photographic camera in the botanical exploration of the country. If it were possible, one ought to take a photograph of the habitat of every more important plant collected, but as that cannot be done, it is advisable at any rate to secure photographs of typical localities in a given area and of typical or dominating plants therein. But if such photographs are to be of real value, they must show the specific character of the locality or the specific object clearly and distinctly. To do this successfully is, however, not such a simple matter as the man who snaps a picnic party in the Bushveld or the bathers on Muizenberg beach may imagine.

Photography covers a wide field, and every branch of it has its own specific requirements and difficulties which demand special study in order to be overcome. This is also the case with our branch of the work, and a few hints based on a fairly long practice may be helpful in shortening the road to success for the beginner in this kind of work.

It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the ordinary technique of outdoor photography; that he also knows the special qualities of orthochromatic plates and the use of the yellow screen, and that he is able to develop his plates to the best advantage according to the nature of the subject. If he does not possess this knowledge, he should study the chapters dealing with these matters in some of the handbooks of photography. It is also assumed that he keeps a careful record of all details concerning every view taken, not only of those of botanical interest, but particularly also of all points bearing upon the technical side of the photograph, viz. speed and nature of plate, lens and stop employed, nature of light, time of day, exposure, developer, duration of development, etc., for by doing so the worker will learn to avoid causes of failure and gradually improve his results.

Let us group the few points of advice offered here as follows: Camera and outfit; choice of subject and exposure; development and aftertreatment.

(1) Camera and Outfit.-If the worker cannot afford more than one camera, he should choose a half-plate instrument with a fairly long extension. An instantaneous shutter is not absolutely necessary-we have worked for many years without one. But one should have at least two lenses, viz. a wide angle, short focus lens, and a landscape lens with a longer focus. Of course, a combination lens with different front and back lenses will be still better, for that would give him three different focal lengths. The wide angle lens is specially useful in close scenery where it is desirable to give special prominence to one subject, e.g. a shrub in the foreground; while a view where the distance is an important feature will require the long focus lens. Of specially important plants one ought to secure both kinds of view.