(vii) Districts or significant larger concentrations of quality buildings or

sites, often made up of individual landmark structures supported by a larger number of structures of somewhat lesser importance. Such districts are normally easily definable and have a significance over and above the sum of the values of each historic site because of the total historic environment. Districts may or may not be legally recognized through historic district zoning regulations, and might vary in size from village greens to sections of a larger city, to entire towns.

(viii) Special character areas, which differ from historic districts in that their significance may be the result of a concentration of activities rather than buildings, structures or sites. Bourbon Street, New Orleans; Old Town, Albuquerque; Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco; and Wisconsin Avenue in Georgetown, D.C., are examples of special character areas. In some cases, areas will fall into both the historic district and special character areas. Examples include the French Market area of New Orelans, the market area in Charleston, "ghost towns" and inhabited Indian villages, such as Taos, New Mexico. They should be recorded in both categories.

(ix) Fixed works of art, including commemorative sculpture, wall murals, graphics, funereal sculpture and items of street furniture such as clocks, lamp posts, etc.

b. Criteria for Evaluation

amount of desecration, if any. This is not to imply that a building that has been added to or altered should automatically be penalized. If such alterations are a valid example of architectural thinking of the period, they should be considered as legitimate changes to the original fabric. (iii) Incidence of the particular building type or design in the area. A building may gain added importance if it is a rare or unique type, or conversely, one of a concentration of indigenous building forms. (iv) Special architectural features and details of importance, including entrances, carved decorative moldings and appliqués, stained glass,

(v)

etc.

Building groups, districts and special character areas should be evaluated on the basis of: geographic size and location of the area in relation to the affected community; number of and relative percentage of buildings, structures and sites of significance with regard to the district itself and the total community (i.e., 60% of the buildings or sites in the area are of national, state or local significance, and 35% of the significant buildings and sites in the community are situated in the study area); the integrity or lack of desecration of the district; the visual arrangement and distribution of the various phsyical components of the district; the physical, visual and associative identity of the district and its relationship to the surrounding community; and other physical and visual amenities such as landscaping, texture, street paving, street furniture, urban graphics, etc.*

*See Appendix L for a discussion in draft form of Proposed Unit Criteria For Districts, prepared by Dr. William Murtagh, Keeper of the National Register, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, presented at the Rome Centre North American International Regional Conference, Philadelphia, Pa. 9.10.72.

(ii) An anlysis, description and listing of buildings, structures, sites, districts and areas of major significance which add to the quality of the surroundings and should if possible be retained in their original location. However, to avoid potential environmental or physical damage to the property from any highway department proposal properties on this list might be moved with the concurrence of the State Historic Preservation Agency. Sites for the moved structures should be approved by the SHPA, and all moving, site preparation and utility hook-up costs, as well as the purchase of the new

site, should be paid for by the state highway department as part of the project costs in those states where this is possible. Under 1972 Federal-aid Highway legislation, Federal highway funds can share in the cost of land and its structures plus the cost of clearing the land of its structures. These monies (Federal share of cost of land and cost of clearing) can be used by the state or others to assist in defraying the cost of relocating historic structures. This list is considered as Priority Two. (Included in this list may be National Register properties and properties eligible or probably eligible for National Register listing.)

(iii) A listing of buildings, structures, sites, districts and areas which should be included in the decision making process as possessing architectural, historic, cultural or visual interest. As individual properties or concentration, entries on this list may be considered of lesser importance than those of Priority One or Two, but their cumulative value, if a number are to be impacted by highway construction activities, may approach these higher listings. This list constitutes Priority Three and all properties so listed should be recorded and photographed before any highway construction activity begins. Also, at the discretion of the state highway department, any property on this list scheduled for demolition or otherwise adversely affected may be made available, after acquisition, for relocation at private expense, with first refusal going to the current property owner or his tenant. (There may be no National Register properties or properties eligible or probably eligible for National Register listing on this list).

(iv) Work maps showing the location of each property inventoried

keyed to show the assigned preservation priority as discussed above.

(v) Copies of all field notes, sketches, survey forms and photographs used in the inventory and evaluation process.

(vi) A brief written report explaining methodology, staff members involved, including the makeup of the review jury, and a summary of the findings of the inventory.

After review by the State Historic Preservation Agency, the state review board set up to review nominations to the National Register, and certification by the State Historic Preservation Officer, the architectural section of the Historic Sites Inventory should be forwarded to the state highway department.

2. Archeological Sites-The Significance of Any Archeological Sites in or Contiguous to the Highway Corridor

It is more than likely that most state highway departments and many State Historic Preservation Agencies will lack the necessary expertise to professionally inventory a given highway corridor for archeological sites of significance. In some cases, this section of the Historic Sites Inventory will best be completed by the state archeologist or his staff, if such a position exists, or by a consulting institution under contract to the state highway department, but reporting to the state preservation agency or HPO. The archeologist should present his findings to the state review board and assist in assigning preservation priorities to the inventoried sites. In many cases it will be necessary to conduct preliminary excavation and salvage work to adequately determine the significance of certain sites. However, such investigations should only be undertaken on publicly owned land or with the written permission of the property owner. In every instance, all work shall conform to the Uniform Rules and Regulations of the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities and provisions of the Department of Transportation Policy and Procedures Memorandum 20-7. PPM 20-7 "prescribes the policies and procedures for implementing the Provisions of Section 305, Title 23 U.S.C., involving the use of Federal highway funds for archeological and paleontolog

state through prior work to know beforehand that there is little likelihood of discovering archeological sites to be investigated, a reconnaissance survey of all proposed highway corridors should be completed on foot or by car. Using the applicable USGS maps or state highway department maps, all archeological sites should be recorded and numbered. The specific location should be noted, for example, by the compass direction and the number of miles from a known reference point-a highway intersection, railroad line, stream bed, county or township line, etc. This assigned site number should be a permanent designation and used for all recording and notes relating to this site. The site should be photographed from as many directions as needed to explain terrain and form and its relationship to the surrounding area. In some cases a sketch of the site may be included to clarify points not readily photographed. If possible, surface artifactual materials should be collected and recorded by site number, including potsherds, stone flakes and the remains of tools, fossils, etc.

b. Inventory Format

As field sheets, notes, photographs and sketches are completed, the locations of the various archeological sites should be transferred to the same type and scale of map used to record the architectural inventory and other components of the Historic and Cultural Sites Inventory.

All data gathered about a specific site should be summarized in a concise, accurate yet readable form for review by the State Historic Preservation Agency and the state highway department. Such data should include:

(i) Site identification number;

(ii) Location, by map coordinates or other reference points;

(iii) Situation, or distance from the proposed highway, and a topographical description of the site;

(iv) Culture type, identifying the culture type and stage of the site, its

3.

approximate age and a description of the remains; and

(v) Preservation priority rating, where:

(a) Site is considered important enough in situ to warrant a change in highway location; or

(b) Site should be photographed, drawn, salvaged and backfilled before any highway construction; or

(c) Site should be noted and photographed, with surface salvage work only.

The archeologist should explain methodology, staffing and reasons for the various preservation priority ratings on a site by site basis in his report to the preservation agency and the highway department. Copies of all maps, field records, photographs and sketches, as well as examples of salvage artifacts should be included with the report. The archeological inventory should be mapped by culture type and preservation priority and forwarded to the state highway department as a component of the Historic Sites Inventory.

Historic Sites-The Historic Significance of All Buildings, Structures and Sites in or Contiguous to the Corridor Area

This section of the Historic and Cultural Sites Inventory will require detailed, intensive archival research as outlined in the pre-corridor selection phase. The historic research should now concentrate on thoroughly documenting the major historic sites previously discovered to exist in the proposed corridor, and on identifying lesser known or appreciated historic sites in the area. Research into local and regional historic source material will undoubtedly turn up data on additional sites of significance.

a. Criteria

The National Trust for Historic Preservation suggests in a 1956 leaflet that historic significance may be found in:

Historic structures or sites in which the broad cultural, political, economic or

social history of the nation, state or community is best exemplified, and from which the visitor may grasp in three dimensional form one of the larger patterns of the American heritage.

Structures or areas that are identified with the lives of historic personages or with important events in the main currents of national, state or local history.*

The National Trust expanded and clarified its earlier statement as an appendix to a report, Historic Preservation Tomorrow, published in 1967, identifying the following points to be considered in the evaluation of historic sites:

Sites and structures connected with events significant in cultural, political, economic, military or social history of the municipality, state or nation.

Homes or places of significant activities (during their active years) ot notable personages of a municipality, state or the nation.

Sites and groups of structures representing historic development patterns. Examples: seaports, agricultural settlements, crossroads, railroads, canals.

Structures related to the civic life of a community: jails, schools, town halls.

Indian remains or burials.

Churches (or other buildings) that were the scenes of historic events.

Cemeteries, when outstanding in their length of use or burial of important historic personages, or the scene of historic events.*

*Criteria for Evaluating Historic Sites and Buildings, a Report by the Committee on Standards and Surveys, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C., 1956.

tHistoric Preservation Tomorrow, Revised Principles and Guidelines, Second Workshop, Williamsburg, Virginia. Appendix: Points to Consider in Surveying, Dr. Richard Hale, The National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C., 1967.