privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Strauder . West Virginia, 100 U. S., 303; Virginia . Rivers, 100 U. S., 313; Ex parte Virginia, 100 U. S., 339; Missouri z. Lewis, 101 U. S., 22; Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S., 3; Louisiana v. New Orleans, 109 U. S., 285; Hurtado v. California, 110 U. S., 516; Hagar 2. Reclamation Dist., III U. S., 701; Elk 2. Wilkins, 112 U. S., 94; Head 7. Amoskeag Mfg. Co., 113 U. S., 9; Barbier 7 Connolly, 113 U. S., 27; Provident Institution 2. Jersey City, 113 U. S., 506; Soon Hing . Crowley, 113 U. S., 703; Wurts 2. Hoagland, 114 U. S., 606; Ky. R. Rd. Tax Cases, 115 U. S., 321; Campbell v. Holt, 115 U. S., 620; Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S., 252; Stone 7. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 116 U. S., 307; Arrowsmith v. Harmoning, 118 U. S., 194; Yick Wo . Hopkins, 118 U. S., 356; Santa Clara Co. v. S. Pacific R. Rd., 118 U. S., 394; Phila. Fire Assn. 2. N. Y., 119 U. S., 110; Schmidt . Cobb, 119 U. S., 286; Baldwin v. Frank, 119 U. S., 678; Hayes . Missouri, 120 U. S., 68; Church 2. Kelsey, 121 U. S., 282; Pembina Mining Co. 7'. Penna., 125 U. S., 181; Spencer v. Merchant, 125 U. S., 345; Dow 2. Beidelman, 125 U. S., 680; Bank of Redemption z. Boston, 125 U. S., 60; Ro Bards 7'. Lamb, 127 U. S., 58; Mo. Pac. Rwy. Co. v. Mackey, 127 U. S., 205; Minneapolis and St. Louis Rwy. . Herrick, 127 U. S., 210; Powell v. Penna., 127 U. S., 678; Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S., 1; Nashville, Chattanooga, &c., Rwy., '. Alabama, 128 U. S., 96; Walston 7. Navin, 128 U. S., 578; Minneapolis and St. Louis Rwy, v. Beckwith, 129 U. S., 26; Dent v. West State passed a resolution in April, 1868, to withdraw its consent to it); Oregon, September 19, 1866; Vermont, November 9, 1866; Georgia rejected it November 13, 1866, and ratified it July 21, 1868; North Carolina rejected it December 4, 1866, and ratified it July 4, 1868; South Carolina rejected it December 20, 1866, and ratified it July 9, 1868; New York ratified it January 10, 1867; Ohio ratified it January 11, 1867 (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution in January, 1868, to withdraw its consent to it); Illinois ratified it January 15, 1867; West Virginia, January 16, 1867; Kansas, January 18, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Missouri, January 26, 1867; Indiana, January 20, 1867; Minnesota, February 1, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 13, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 13, 1867; Michigan, February 15, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, April 3, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; Louisiana, July 9, 1868, and Alabama, July 13, 1868. Georgia again ratified the amendment February 2, 1870. Texas rejected it November 1, 1866, and ratified it February 18, 1870. Virginia rejected it January 19, 1867, and ratified it October 8, 1869. The amendment was rejected by Kentucky January 10, 1867; by Delaware February 8, 1867; by Maryland March 23, 1867, and was not afterwards ratified by either State.

Va., 129 U. S., 114; Huling v. Kaw Valley Rwy, and Improvement Co., 130 U. S., 559; Freeland v. Williams, 131 U. S., 405; Cross v. North Carolina, 132 U. S., 131; Pennie v. Reis, 132 U. S., 464; Sugg 7. Thornton, 132 U. S., 524; Davis v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; Ellenbecker v. Plymouth Co., 134 U. S., 31; Bell Gap R. Rd. Co. v. Penna., 134 U. S., 232; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rwy. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S., 418; Home Ins. Co. v. N. Y., 134 U. S., 594; Louisville & Nashville R. Rd. Co. v. Woodson, 134 U. S., 614; Home Ins. Co. 7. N. Y., 134 U. S., 594; Leisy 7. Hardin, 135 U. S., 100; In re Kemmler, 136 U. S., 436; York v. Texas, 137 U. S., 15; Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S., 89; Wheeler v. Jackson, 137 U. S., 245; Holden v. Minnesota, 137 U. S., 483; In re Converse, 137 U. S., 624; Caldwell 7. Texas, 137 U. S., 692; Kauffman v. Wootters, 138 U. S., 285; Lesper v. Texas, 139 U. S., 462; In re Manning, 139 U. S., 504; Mabal v. Louisiana, 139 U. S., 621; In re Duncan, 139 U. S., 449; In re Shibuya Jugiro, 139 U. S., 291; Lent v. Tillson, 140 U. S., 316; New Orleans v. N. O. Water W'ks, 142 U. S., 79; McElvaine . Brush, 142 U. S., 155; Kaukauna Water Power Co. v. Miss. Canal Co., 142 U. S., 254; Charlotte, Augusta & Col. R. Rd. Co. v. Gibbes, 142 U. S., 386; Pacific Ex. Co. v. Siebert, 142 U. S., 339; Horn Silver Mining Co. v. N. Y., 143 U. S.,305; Budd v. N. Y., 143 U. S.,517; Schwab v. Berggren, 143 U. S., 442; Fielden 7. Illinois, 143 U. S., 452; N. Y. v. Squire, 144 U.S., 175; Brown v. Smart, 144 U. S., 454; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U. S., 1; Morley v. Lake Shore & Mich. Southern Ry. Co., 146 U. S., 162; Hallinger . Davis, 146 U. S., 314; Yesler v. Washington Harbor Line Comsrs., 146 U. S., 646; Butler v. Goreley, 146 U. S., 303; Southern Pacific Co. v. Denton, 146 U. S., 202; Thorington . Montgomery, 147 U. S., 490; Giozza v. Tiernan, 148 U. S., 657; Paulsen v. Portland, 149 U. S., 30; Minn. & St. L. Rwy. Co. v. Emmons, 149 U. S., 364; Columbus So. Rwy. Co. v. Wright, 151 U. S., 470; In re Frederick, 149 U. S., 70; McNulty v. Calif, 149 U. S., 645; Lees v. U. S., 150 U. S., 476; Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S., 133; Montana Co. v. St. Louis Mining Co., 152 U. S., 160; Duncan v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 377; McKane v. Durston, 153 U. S., 684; Marchant v. Penna. R. R. Co., 153 U. S., 380; Brass v. Stoeser, 153 U. S., 391; Scott v. McNeal, 154 U. S., 34; Reagan 7. Far. Loan & Trust Co., 154 U. S., 362; P., C., C. & St. L. R. R. Co. v. Backus, 154 U. S., 421; Interstate Com. Comsn. v. Brimson, 154 U. S., 447; Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Co., 154 U. S., 447; Pearce v. Texas, 155 U. S., 311; Pittsburg & So. Coal Co. v. La., 156 U. S., 590; Andrews 7. Swartz, 156 U. S., 272; St. L. & S. F. Rwy. Co. v. Gill, 156 U. S., 649; Stevens, admr., v. Nichols, 157 U. S., 370; Bergemann 7. Becker, 157 U. S., 655; Quarles . Butler, 158 U. S., 532; Gray v. Connecticut, 159 U. S., 74; Central Land Co. v. Laidley, 159 U. S., 103; Moore v. Missouri, 159 U. S., 673; Winona & St. Peter Land Co. v. Minn., 159 U. S., 528; Iowa Cent. Ry. Co. v. Iowa, 160 U. S., 389; Eldridge v. Trezevant, 160 U. S., 452; Laing 7. Rigney, 160 U. S., 531; Gibson v. Miss., 162 U. S., 565; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Taggart, 163 U. S., 1; Lowe 7. Kansas, 163 U. S., 81; Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S., 537; Talton . Mayes, 163 U. S., 376; Fallbrook Irrigation District v. Bradley, 164 U. S., 112; Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S., 403; Covington, &c., Turnpike Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S., 578; St. Louis &c. Ry. Co. v. Mathews, 165 U. S., 1; Gulf &c. Ry. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S., 150; Jones v. Brim, 165 U.S.. 180; Adams Ex. Co. v. Ohio, 165

U. S., 194; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Indiana, 165 U. S., 304; All-
geyer v. Louisiana, 165 U. S., 578; Allen v. Georgia, 166 U. S., 138;
Adams Exp. Co. v. Kentucky, 166 U. S., 171; Chicago &c. R. R.
Co. v. Chicago, 166 U. S., 226; Gladson v. Minn., 166 U. S., 427;
Long Island &c. Co. v. Brooklyn, 166 U. S., 685; Sentell v. New
Orleans &c. R. R. Co., 166 U. S., 698; Davis v. Mass., 167 U. S., 43;
Merchants' Bank v. Pa., 167 U. S., 461; Turner z. New York, 168
U. S., 90; Craemer v. Washington, 168 U. S., 124; Hodgson v. Ver-
mont, 168 U. S., 262; Nobles 7. Georgia, 168 U. S., 398; McHenry
v. Alford, 168 U. S., 651; Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S., 366; Savings
& Loan Society v. Multnomah County, 169 U. S., 421; Smyth 2.
Ames, 169 U. S., 466; Wilson v. North Carolina, 169 U. S., 586; U. S.
2. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S., 649; Backus 7. Fort Street &c. Co.,
169 U. S., 557; Williams v. Miss., 170 U. S., 213; Galveston &c. Ry.
Co. v. Texas, 170 U. S., 226; Magoun z'. Ill. Trust & Savings Bank,
170 U. S., 283; Williams v. Eggleston, 170 U. S., 304; Tinsley v.
Anderson, 171 U. S., 101; King 2. Mullins, 171 U. S., 404; New York
v. Roberts, 171 U. S., 658; Meyer v. Richmond, 172 U. S., 82; Blake ".
McClung, 172 U. S., 239; Norwood v. Baker, 172 U. S., 269; Orient
Ins. Co. v. Daggs, 172 U. S., 557; Wilson v. Eureka City, 173 U. S.,
32; Central Loan & Trust Co. v. Campbell Commission Co., 173 U. S.,
84; Dewey v. Des Moines, 173 U. S., 193; St. Louis &c. Ry. Co. v.
Paul, 173 U. S., 404; Henderson Bridge Co. v. Henderson City, 173
U. S., 592; Lake Shore, &c. Ry. Co. v. Smith, 173 U. S., 684; Atchi-
son &c. R. R. Co. v. Matthews, 174 U. S., 96; Brown v. N. J., 175 U.
S., 172; Tullis v. Lake Erie &c. R. R. Co., 175 U. S., 348; Cumming
v. Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U. S., 528; Bolln v.
Nebraska, 176 U. S., 83; Clark v. Kansas City, 176 U. S., 114; Roller
v. Holly, 176 U. S., 398; Weyerhaueser v. Minn., 176 U. S., 550;
Maxwell v. Dow, 176 U. S., 581; Gundling v. Chicago, 177 U. S., 183;
Ohio Oil Co. v. Indiana, 177 U. S., 190; Louisville &c. R. R. Co. v.
Schmidt, 177 U. S., 230; Saranac Land & Timber Co. v. Comptroller
of N. Y., 177 U. S., 318; Carter v. Texas, 177 U. S., 442; L'Hote v'.
New Orleans, 177 U. S., 587; Sully 7. Am. Ntl. Bank, 178 U. S., 289;
Wheeler v. New York &c. R. R. Co., 178 U. S., 321; Taylor v. Beck-
ham, 178 U. S., 548; Am. Sugar Refining Co. v. Louisiana, 179 U. S.,
89; Williams v. Fears, 179 U. S., 270; New York . Barker, 179 U.
S., 279; Wisconsin &c. R. R. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S., 287; Mason
7. Missouri, 179 U. S., 328; McDonald v. Mass., 180 U. S., 311; Car-
gill v. Minnesota, 180 U. S., 452; Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co. v.
Warren, 181 U. S., 73; French 7. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181
U. S., 324; Tonawanda v. Lyon, 181 U. S., 389; Webster z. Fargo,
181 U. S., 394; Cass Farm Co. v. Detroit, 181 U. S., 396; Detroit z'.
Parker, 181 U. S., 399; Red River Valley Bank v. Craig, 181 U. S.,
548; Mallett v. North Carolina, 181 U. S., 589; Simon v. Craft, 182
U. S., 427; Cotting 7. Kansas &c. Co., 183 U. S., 79; Orr v. Gilman,
183 U. S., 278; Florida Central &c. R. R. Co. v. Reynolds, 183 U. S.,
471; Louisville &c. R. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S., 503; Nutting
7. Mass., 183 U. S., 553; King . Portland City, 184 U. S., 61; Clark
7. Titusville, 184 U. S., 329; Booth v. Illinois, 184 U. S., 425; Good-
rich . Detroit, 184 U. S., 432; St. Louis Cons. Coal Co. v. Illinois,
185 U. S., 203; Fidelity Mut. Life Assn. v. Mettler, 185 U. S., 308;
Travellers' Ins. Co. v. Connecticut, 185 U. S., 364; Minneapolis &c.
R. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 186 U. S., 257.

SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Crandall 7. The State of Nevada, 6 Wall., 35; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall., 168; Ward v. Maryland, 12 Wall., 418; Slaughterhouse Cases, 16 Wall., 36; Bradwell . The State, 16 Wall., 130; Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 18 Wall., 129; Minor 7. Happersett, 21 Wall., 162; Walker . Sauvinet, 92 U. S., 90; Kennard v. Louisiana, ex rel. Morgan, 92 U. S., 480; United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U. S., 542; Munn 2. Illinois, 94 U. S., 113.

ARTICLE XV.*

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

United States v. Reese et al., 92 U. S., 214; United States v. Cruikshank et al., 92 U. S., 542; Ex parte Yarborough, 110 U. S., 651; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U. S., 1.

*The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress on the 27th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States. The dates of these ratifications (arranged in the order of their reception at the Department of State) were: From North Carolina, March 5, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Massachusetts, March 9-12, 1869; Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, March 12, 1869; Louisiana, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869; South Carolina, March 16, 1869; Pennsylvania, March 26, 1869; Arkansas, March 30, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, June 15, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Indiana, May 13-14, 1869; New York, March 17-April 14, 1869 (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to withdraw its consent to it); New Hampshire, July 7, 1869; Nevada, March 1, 1869; Vermont, October 21, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869; Missouri, January 10, 1870; Mississippi, January 15-17, 1870; Ohio, January 27, 1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870; Kansas, January 18–19, 1870; Minnesota, February 19, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18, 1870; Nebraska, February 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870. The State of Georgia also ratified the amendment February 2, 1870.

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