SAMPLE OF TITLE PAGE-HEARING [Follow this series of type] INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATION BILL FOR 1959 HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTY-FIFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON H.R. 9621, H.R. 9622, H.R. 9623, H.R. 9624 H.R. 9625, H.R. 7685 BILLS MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1959, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1958 25. FOREIGN LANGUAGES [Revised for this edition by committee consisting of GEORGE L. TRAGER, Director of Linguistic Research, Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, chairman; JOHN G. MUTZIGER, Chief of Linguistics Section, U. S. Board on Geographic Names; and HENRY L. SMITH, Jr., Director of School of Languages and Linguistics, Foreign Service Institute, Department of State] PURPOSE AND PLAN The purpose of this section of the STYLE MANUAL is to provide a guide to the typography of the more important languages handled in this Office. It has been designed to answer the needs of two categories of users: 1. Those who have very little or no knowledge at all of a language but seek to become more competent in following copy and syllabifying with at least a passing degree of accuracy; and 2. Those who have an academic knowledge of a language but lack the practical information belonging to the special field of typography, complete guidance to which is procurable only from advanced and foreign works. To answer the needs of the former, there is presented first a sample of the language as it looks in print, followed by an adequate display of the alphabet and a helpful paragraph on special characters. This will be found fully adequate, for all practical purposes, to enable printers to follow copy competently, even though with but literal accuracy. There is also included a brief discussion of pronunciation, so far as this can be described without special technical phonetic data, as a basis for the rules for syllabifying words in printing. The rules for syllabifying follow, and these were formulated so that with the aid of the first four rules, which require no further knowledge of the language, a printer can syllabify with at least an 80-percent accuracy. The application of the remaining rules may require a further knowledge of the language, but these are intended essentially for the second category of users. To answer the needs of this category fully, the rules for syllabifying are presented with utmost comprehensiveness, so that they cover all possible problems that may be encountered; and subjoined is also a selected list of illustrative word divisions, which may be used either for further study or reference. Other useful data on typography and bibliography are also included. Dictionaries of languages other than English rarely show syllable division. This is due in part to the fact that many spelling systems are less complex than that of English, and therefore make it easier to divide words in writing according to the spoken syllable divisions. The rules stated in the following sections are intended to be summaries of the procedures actually followed by printers native to the languages. 375 DANISH Efterhaanden har de fleste officielle myndigheder faact overladt tjenestevogne, oftest endda med chauffør og ikke sjældent uden at en vogn rent umiddelbart synes nødvendig for vedkommende myndigheds personer. Hvorfor har Kongens foged ikke faact udleveret tjenestevogn endnu?-Politiken, København. den 17 august 1951. Alphabet and pronunciation A а В BO C b с long: a in man; short: a in hat, and before or after r like a in father, but shorter b 8 in so before e, i, y, æ; before a, o, u, or consonant, like k, and now generally written k; ch like sh, or rarely like k; now generally written k; sometimes as though written tj; combination ci before vowel, like sh; letter c occurs only in foreign words D d dat beginning of words; between vowel and unstressed e, between vowel and j, l, m, n, or r, and in final position, like th in father; silent before s or t, as well as in combination nd and ld in final position and before unstressed e; often silent after r and at end of words E e long; like a in care; short, stressed: like e in met; often like e in met, but tending toward i in pit; before r, like a in hat; before g or j, usually like a in hat; in word de, like ee in meet, but shorter; in unstressed syllables, like a in sofa; generally silent before n F f M m N n P P f g in go initially and before t; between vowel (or sometimes consonant) and unstressed e, at end of word, and between vowel and consonant other than t, it has sound which may be made by trying to pronounce g in go without making contact between tongue and roof of mouth h; silent before j or v long: ee in meet; short: ee in meet, but shorter; often like e in met, but tending toward i in bit y in yes; silent (and now generally no longer written) after g or k followed by front vowel; in French words, like sh k ll in million m n; combination ng, like ng in singer; combination nk, like ng in finger long: o in go; short: o in November; often like aw in law, but shorter p; combination ph in foreign words, like ƒ, and now usually written f Qq always followed by v (or u), combination being pronounced, and now usually written, kv; occurs only in foreign words Rr sound made by scraping of air between back of tongue and roof of mouth, as in French; after vowel, its sound assumes quality of vowel S 8 8 in sing; combination ss, and in foreign words sc, like s in sing; combination sj, like sh; followed by i plus another vowel, like sh; in foreign words, sch and sh are pronounced like sh Ttt, at beginning of word; silent in word det and in ending et when unstressed; followed by i plus another vowel, like sh long: oo in food; short: oo in good; often like o in go, but shorter U u v, before vowel or r and after long vowel; after short vowel, like oo in food; often silent after l v; in foreign words only ks, or at beginning of words, like s in sing; now only in foreign words long: ee in meet, but with lips rounded as in pronouncing oo in food; resembles (long) German ü, French u; short: ee in meet, but shorter, and with lips rounded as in pronouncing oo in food; resembles (short) German ü, French u 8 in sing; occurs only in foreign words long: e in met, but longer; short: e in met; before or after r, like a in hat; formerly sometimes written ä; in handwriting, usually æ a in care, but with lips rounded as in pronouncing oo in food; resembles (long) German ö, French eu; formerly sometimes written ö long: aw in law, but tending toward o in go; short: aw in law, but shorter, and tending toward o in go; formerly written aa, and still so written by many (as in the sample of the language at top of p. 376) Special characters Danish uses the Latin alphabet with the addition of the following special characters: E æ, Ø ø, and à ̃ ̄å. The c, q, w, x, and z are used in words of foreign origin and in proper names. Until quite recently, aa was written for å, and in dictionaries, indexes, telephone directories, etc., was found either preceding a or following it. Now the tendency is to place it at the end of the alphabet. The letter w is often regarded as a mere variant writing for v, and in dictionaries, etc., the w's are then found interspersed with the v's; otherwise, w follows v. Fraktur type (German text) is scarcely in use today. Vowels and consonants The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y, æ, ø, and d; the back vowels being a, o, u, and d; the front vowels e, i, y, æ, and . The other letters of the alphabet are consonants. Combinations of vowel sounds (diphthongs) aj (formerly ai) as ai in aisle au (av) as ou in house eg as ey in grey ej (formerly ei) as ey in grey eu (ev) as e in met plus u ou as oo in food ov as o in go yv as (Danish) y plus u æv as e in met plus u øg as oy in boy øj (formerly i) as oy in boy Includes all the combinations given under Combinations of consonantal letters (digraphs) and the following: gj, kj, kl, kv, lj, sk, skj, sp, spr, st, str, and sv. Rules for syllabification 1. Diphthongs, digraphs, and consonantal units may not be divided. 2. Division is made on a vowel or on a diphthong before a single consonant, a digraph, or a consonantal unit: Ba-lance, Hvi-sken, Hu-stru, Bøj-ning. 3. In a group of two or more consonants, division is made before the last consonant, digraph, or consonantal unit: ă-ten, dan-ske, sek-sten, tjenst-lig, blom-stre. 4. Division may be made between two vowels not constituting a diphthong or between a diphthong and a vowel: Fri-er, Lej-er. 5. Certain adverbial prefixes are kept intact. These are: ad, af, an, bag, be, bi, bort, efter, er, for, fra, frem, ge, in, ind, med, mis, ned, om, op, over, paa, til, ud, ude, und, under, and ved: ad-splitte, Af-drift, An-drag, Bag-slag, etc. 6. Certain suffixes are kept intact. These are: agtig, artig, hed, and inde: barn-agtig, egen-artig, Mat-hed, Mester-inde. 7. Compound words are divided according to their component parts (and each part according to rules 1 to 6), the compounding s, if used, going with the preceding component: Aften-avis, Aften-blad, Aftens-tid. 8. Foreign words and components of foreign words (not naturalized) follow the conventions of the language of origin: Pa-triot, me-trisk, Repu-blik, eks-trem, Postskriptum, Shake-speare, Wash-ington. Under this rule are also included scientific and technical words, which editors prefer to treat etymologically: Hemi-sfære, Dia-gnose. |