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v. Indiana Gas Co., 128 Ind. 579, 28 N. E. 84, 12 L. R. A. 660, holding regulation of pressure in pipes carrying natural gas to other States, a valid police power; Robbins v. Shelby Co., 120 U. S. 492, 30 L. 696, 7 S. Ct. 594, 59 Am. Rep. 269, note, to point that power of Congress over interstate commerce is exclusive; Kaeiser v. Illinois Cent. R. R., 5 McCrary, 499, 18 Fed. 153, holding unconstitutional, Iowa law regulating rates as far as applied to interstate traffic; Carton v. Illinois Cent. R. R., 59 Iowa, 152, 44 Am. Rep. 675, 13 N. W. 69, denying right of State to fix rates applying to interstate roads; Ward v. State, 31 Md. 287, 1 Am. Rep. 56, upholding State law taxing drummers; Council Bluffs v. Kansas City, etc., R. R., 45 Iowa, 350, 351, 24 Am. Rep. 780, 781, to point that congressional action ousts State's jurisdiction. Cited generally in Osborne v. Mayor, 44 Ala. 499, upholding license on all express companies doing business in State; Frasher v. State, 3 Tex. App. 269, 30 Am. Rep. 135, Pound v. Turck, 95 U. S. 463, 24 L. 527, Henderson v. Mayor, 92 U. S. 272, 23 L. 549, and Western Union Tel. Co. v. Atl. & Pac. Tel. Co., 5 Nev. 107.

Cited in dissenting opinion in Wabash R. R. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 585, 30 L. 254, 7 S. Ct. 18, holding State law prohibiting rate discrimination valid, majority contra.

Qualified in Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 631, 29 L. 260, 5 S. Ct. 1096, holding concurrent State action strictly confined to local matters only incidentally affecting interstate commerce.

Commerce.- Nevada statute, taxing outgoing passengers, is not a regulation of interstate commerce within meaning of the Constitution, p. 43.

Cited, arguendo, in Hardy v. Atchison, etc., R. R., 32 Kan. 711, 5 Pac. 10, Commonwealth v. Phil., etc., R. R., 62 Pa. St. 300, 1 Am. Rep. 412, and Commonwealth v. Gloucester Ferry Co., 98 Pa. St. 124, dissenting opinion, holding void a tax on business of a corporation, merely owning wharf in Pennsylvania, majority contra. Cited, but application denied, in Western Union Tel. Co. v. Richmond, 26 Gratt. 24, as to upholding city tax on foreign telegraph company, having agency in city, collecting cases.

Commerce.- Nevada statute, taxing outgoing passengers, is inconsistent with right of all citizens to pass freely through every part of United States, and is unconstitutional, p. 49.

Cited and followed in Treasurer v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R., 4 Houst. 189, holding a similar tax void; Minot v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R. Co., 2 Abb. (U. S.) 344, F. C. 9,645, holding unconstitutional statute taxing locomotives passing through State; Covington, etc., Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 213, 38 L. 967, 14 S. Ct. 1090, denying right of State to fix toll rates over bridge between two States. Cited in Pullman Car Co. v. Nolan, 22 Fed. 280, 281, holding tax on cars crossing State, void; Fargo v. Michigan, 121 U. S. 238, 241, 30

L. 892, 893, 7 S. Ct. 860, 861, holding tax on receipts of railroad from carriage of passengers into or through State, void; Case of State Freight Tax, 15 Wall. 280, 21 L. 163, holding law taxing freight carried through State, void; Pickard v. Pullman Car Co., 117 U. S. 48, 29 L. 790, 6 S. Ct. 641, holding tax on cars crossing State, void, and collecting cases; Indiana v. Pullman Car Co., 11 Biss. 566, 16 Fed. 200, holding Indiana tax on gross receipts held in Illinois, but earned in Indiana, an interference with freedom of travel; Kaeiser v. Illinois Cent. R. R., 5 McCrary, 499, 18 Fed. 153, holding void Iowa statute regulating rates over interstate railroad crossing State; Philadelphia S. S. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 339, 30 L. 1202, 7 S. Ct. 1121, holding State tax on steamship company engaged in interstate traffic, void; Bowman v. Chicago, etc., R. R., 125 U. S. 481, 31 L. 705, 8 S. Ct. 696, holding void Iowa law prohibiting the importation of intoxicants; Joseph v. Randolph, 71 Ala. 505, 46 Am. Rep. 349, holding invalid, statute imposing tax on one engaging laborers for purpose of removing same from State; Council Bluffs v. Kansas City, etc., R. R., 45 Iowa, 349, 350, 24 Am. Rep. 779, 780, denying right of State to regulate transfer of passengers between interstate railroads as an interference with freedom of travel; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Pendleton, 122 U. S. 357, 30 L. 1189, 7 S. Ct. 1128, collecting cases, and holding invalid a statute compelling delivery of telegrams, so far as it applied extra-territorially. The following cases cite the leading case as to right of unrestricted travel and commerce within the United States: United States v. Anthony, 11 Blatchf. 204, F. C. 14,459, United States v. Patterson, 55 Fed. 638, Henderson v. Mayor, 92 U. S. 272, 23 L. 549, and Doyle v. Continental Ins. Co., 94 U. S. 541, 24 L. 152.

Cited, arguendo, in Ham v. State, 4 Tex. Cr. App. 665, as to necessity of lack of discrimination in State laws; Hinson v. Lott, 8 Wall. 152, 19 L. 389, and Wabash, etc., R. R. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 589, 591, 30 L. 255, 256, 7 S. Ct. 20, 21. Applied in dissenting opinions as follows: Baltimore, etc., R. R. v. Maryland, 21 Wall. 475, 22 L. 685, holding void a stipulation in a charter, making a proportion of railroad's earnings within State, payable thereto, majority contra; Pollock v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 158 U. S. 691, 39 L. 1144, 15 S. Ct. 941, holding income tax valid, majority contra; Commonwealth v. Gloucester Ferry Co., 98 Pa. St. 124, holding tax on business of foreign corporation merely owning wharf in Pennsylvania, void, majority contra. Cited, but application denied, in Miller v. Texas, 153 U. S. 539, 38 L. 814, 14 S. Ct. 876, dismissing writ of error, where objection that Federal question was involved, was first raised on petition for rehearing; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Richmond, 26 Gratt. 24, upholding tax on foreign telegraph company, doing business in city, collecting cases; Pullman Co. v. Twombly, 29 Fed. 667, upholding State tax on cars run in State, but used in carrying interstate traffic; Sherlock v. Alling, 44 Ind. 195, upholding State's right to legislate regarding accidents on steam

boats plying between Indiana and Ohio; Fox v. Territory, 2 Wash. Ter. 300, 301, 5 Pac. 604, upholding right of territory to regulate practice of medicine; Union, etc., Co. v. Lynch, 18 Utah, 388, 55 Pac. 641, holding cars of foreign corporation, running in Utah, have situs there for purposes of taxation; Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 79, 21 L. 409, sustaining law creating slaughtering monopoly in New Orleans; Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S. 428, 42 L. 1097, 18 S. Ct. 670, dissenting opinion, holding liquor landed in Iowa, but not delivered to consignee, subject to Iowa laws, majority holding it still in interstate transit; Nelson Lumber Co. v. Loraine, 22 Fed. 57, upholding tax on logs cut and stored in Wisconsin to be floated to Minnesota in the spring; Higgins v. Rinker, 47 Tex. 390, as to discrimination in State laws; St. Louis v. Western Union Tel. Co., 39 Fed. 60, as to taxation of instruments of interstate communication; United States v. Patrick, 54 Fed. 348, as to right of all citizens to share government's offices; Noble v. Cullom, 44 Ala. 564, as to exclusive powers of Congress; extended note in 27 Am. St. Rep. 550, on interstate commerce," collecting cases; extended note in 27 Am. St. Rep. 560, on "taxation of subjects of commerce," reviewing cases.

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Distinguished in Smoot v. Kentucky, etc., R. R., 13 Fed. 343, where right of negro to travel freely was abridged by corporation, not by State; Holyoke, etc., Co. v. Ambden, 55 Fed. 594, 21 L. R. A. 320, holding service of Massachusetts process on citizen of Vermont, travelling through Massachusetts to Connecticut, not interference with right of travel; Woodruff v. Parham, 8 Wall. 138, 19 L. 387, sustaining right of State to tax imports from other States equally with its own products; Baltimore, etc., R. R. v. Maryland. 21 Wall. 472, 22 L. 684, sustaining stipulation in charter, making proportion of railroad's earnings within State payable thereto; Insurance Co. v. Commonwealth, 87 Pa. St. 181, 30 Am. Rep. 354, up holding tax on amount of premiums received by companies incorporated in State; State v. Baltimore & Ohio R. R., 34 Md. 362. 368, 369, 310, 373, 376, holding contract between State and railroad for payment to State of proportion of earnings over a branch line within State, valid; State v. Welton, 55 Mo. 291, holding tax on peddlers selling foreign goods in Missouri, not an interference with freedom of travel; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Mayer, 28 Ohlo St. 529, holding tax on gross receipts of State business of foreign corporation, not within rule; Commonwealth v. Philadelphia, etc.. R. R., 62 Pa. St. 300, 1 Am. Rep. 412, upholding tonnage tax oD freight carried in Pennsylvania, collecting cases. Disapproved, as to this ground of decision, in Treasurer v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R., 4 Houst. 202.

Commerce.- Nevada statute, taxing outgoing passengers, is unconstitutional, but only as an attempted regulation of interstate commerce, per Clifford, J., p. 49.

Cited and followed in Treasurer v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R., 4 Houst. 202, concurring opinion, discussing principal case at length; Hardy v. Atchison, etc., R. R., 32 Kan. 711, 5 Pac. 10, holding State regulation of traffic rates an interference with interstate commerce: Cited in Treasurer v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R., 4 Houst. 189, holding a similar tax unconstitutional; Hinson v. Lott, 8 Wall. 152, 19 L. 389, Case of State Freight Tax, 15 Wall. 281, 21 L. 163, and Minot v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R., 2 Abb. (U. S.) 344, F. C. 9,645. Cited, but application denied, in Ex parte Thornton, 4 Hughes, 232, 12 Fed. 547, citing as opinion of court, and upholding license tax on drummers, as not discriminating.

Miscellaneous.- Erroneously cited in State v. Clinton, 26 La. Ann. 413.

6 Wall. 50-78, 18 L. 721, STATE OF GEORGIA v. STANTON. Constitutional law.- Courts will not assume jurisdiction over matters embraced within political, rather than within judicial, functions of government, pp. 71–76.

Cited and applied in The Clinton Bridge, 1 Woolw. 156, F. C. 2,900, refusing to consider validity of treaty; United States v. Black, 128 U. S. 48, 32 L. 357, 9 S. Ct. 15, holding courts will not interfere by mandamus with executive officers, even where their duties require them to interpret laws; Mississippi v. Stanton, 154 U. S. 554, 18 L. 725, 14 S. Ct. 1209, an identical case; Smith v. Good, 34 Fed. 208, refusing to pass upon validity of amendment to State Constitution; Green v. Mills, 69 Fed. 858, 25 U. S. App. 383, 30 L. R. A. 94, refusing to pass upon State constitutionality of State law; Taylor v. Kercheval, 82 Fed. 499, 500, refusing to review discretionary removal by Federal executive officer; Territory v. Cox, 6 Dak. 521, refusing to review act of governor in removal of officer; Turner v. Althaus, 6 Neb. 72, denying right of court to inquire into policy or justice of constitutional law; Fletcher v. Tuttle, 151 Ill. 55, 42 Am. St. Rep. 229, 37 N. E. 687, 25 L. R. A. 147, holding court of equity without authority to interpose for protection of political rights; Carr v. State, 127 Ind. 208, 22 Am. St. Rep. 628, 26 N. E. 779, 11 L. R. A. 372, and n., refusing to mandamus State officer to pay claim, no appropriation therefor having been made; Slack v. Jacob, 8 W. Va. 663, denying injunction against governor, acting under presumably valid law; Segars v. Parrott, 54 S. C. 72, 31 S. E. 698, dissenting opinion, denying injunction restraining governor from executing unconstitutional law, majority contra; In re Gunn 50 Kan. 230, 232, 32 Pac. 954, 19 L. R. A. 541, 542, dissenting opinion, refusing to inquire into validity of appointment of speaker by legislature, majority contra. Cited generally in Redfield v. Windom, 137 U. S. 643, 34 L. 814, 11 S. Ct. 199, in list of cases defining principles upon which mandamus will issue to public officer to compel

performance of duties; In re Cooper, 143 U. S. 503, 36 L. 242, 12 S. Ct. 460. Quoted in note in 42 Am. St. Rep. 234, on “jurisdiction of equity to protect political rights."

Cited, but application denied, in United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 209, 27 L. 178, 1 S. Ct. 251, upholding court's jurisdiction to try cases involving the government's title to land; Bradshaw v. Omaha, 1 Neb. 30, upholding jurisdiction to inquire into validity of tax assessment; State v. Judge, 48 La. Ann. 828, 19 So. 750, upholding issuance of mandate to compel election officer to execute ministerial duty; State v. Cunningham, 81 Wis. 501, 503, 51 N. W. 735, 736, 15 L. R. A. 573, 574, upholding right of court to enjoin ministerial officer and to review validity of legislative apportionment. Distinguished in People v. Thompson, 155 Ill. 470, 40 N. E. 312, reviewing constitutionality of legislative apportionment, although question involved political rights; to the same effect, see Parker v. State, 133 Ind. 185, 186, 32 N. E. 838, 18 L. R. A. 571, there being no attempt to control such act.

Constitutional law. Supreme Court will assume jurisdiction over actions in which States are parties only when rights of person or property are involved, p. 76.

Cited in Mississippi v. Stanton, 154 U. S. 554, 18 L. 725, 14 S. Ct. 1209, an identical case; Wisconsin v. Pelican Ins. Co., 127 U. S. 288, 296, 32 L. 242, 245, 8 S. Ct. 1373, 1377, refusing to entertain action by State against citizen of another State to recover penal fine.

Constitutional law. Courts will not entertain jurisdiction over bill to enjoin government officials from executing the Reconstruction Acts and thereby overthrowing a State government, even though bill alleges that such action would deprive State of property, p. 77.

Followed in Mississippi v. Stanton, 154 U. S. 554, 18 L. 725, 14 S. Ct. 1209, an identical case. Cited generally in United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 222, 27 L. 182, 1 S. Ct. 262.

6 Wall. 78-80, 18 L. 750, LUKINS v. AIRD.

Fraudulent conveyances.- Intent to defraud creditors is inferred by law from sale subject to secret trust for debtors' benefit, p. 79. Cited and applied in Shanklin v. McCracken, Mo.52 S. W. 341, holding conveyance by son to father, to escape wife's dower, void as against son's creditors; In re Morrill, 2 Sawy. 361, F. C. 9,821, holding fraud inferred by law from chattel mortgage to creditor reserving possession to debtor; In re Seeley, 19 Nat. Bank. Reg. 9, 21 Fed. Cas. 1010, holding fraud inferred from sale by insolvent two days before assignment; Neubert v. Massman, 37 Fla. 98, 19 So. 627, where sale was subject to secret reservation of equity of redemption; Beidler v. Crane, 135 Ill. 98, 25 Am. St. Rep. 353, 25

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