mentaries, and a sufficient knowledge of Latin and German to pass the admission examinations.

The unknown young man made his way in the Law School and in Cambridge as easily as he did everywhere through his life. He was soon acting as secretary for several professors, was popular in his class, and was gaining high rank in his studies. He became much sought as a private tutor, but was not too busy earning his way to serve on the board of the LAW REVIEW with distinction. At graduation he stood second in a class of 129.

Just at this time the faculty voted to try the experiment of dividing the first-year class into small sections, in order to give the students at the beginning of their course the advantages of a small class, with more frequent opportunity for discussion and more intimate contact with the teacher. The plan as adopted provided for the division of the class in criminal law into two sections, each of which in turn the professor in charge of the subject would teach, while an assistant taught the other. For success in this plan it was necessary to find a young teacher whose instruction should compare so favorably with that of his older colleague that the students assigned to his section would willingly stay there, and not defeat the object of the division by following the professor and swelling the size of his section. To fill this difficult position the faculty unanimously chose Westengard. His legal ability, his character and personality, and his experience as a tutor, marked him out as the one man among the recent graduates of the school best fitted for the appointment. The experiment was a complete success. If there was any observable drift among the class it was not away from the younger man. The next year (March 13, 1899), he was appointed Assistant Professor of Law for five years. He proved to have a winning manner and excellent method as a teacher and at once established his place in the school. His future as a successful professor of law seemed clear and secure.

About the time that Westengard was appointed Assistant Professor of Law, Edward H. Strobel was elected to the chair of Bemis Professor of International Law. Strobel was a bachelor. Westengard, just married, was setting up a home of his own, and the two joined forces. For two years they formed one household. The intimacy thus arising made it natural for Strobel, on his appointment, in 1903, to the important and difficult office of

General Adviser to the Siamese government, to offer the position of Assistant Adviser to Westengard.

The question whether to accept or to refuse this offer was a difficult one. On the one hand, Westengard loved his work, and was successful in it. If he left it he would be giving up an honorable and congenial career for an uncertainty; and he would be leaving his wife and his young son behind him. On the other hand, the romance of the Orient, as well as the greatness of the work, attracted him. The fiat of his physician, that he must leave Cambridge for a time, turned the scale. He accepted the appointment, and, before the opening of the school in September, 1903, set out with Strobel for Siam.

The work that was ready to the hand of these two teachers of law was indeed a wonderful one. The ancient kingdom of Siam, country of a peaceful folk, ruled by a king and government of cultivated gentlemen, was being squeezed between the upper and the nether millstone of British Burma and French Tonquin. The Advisers must obtain from Britain and France a just settlement of boundaries; they must foster a native government that could sustain the position thus acquired; and they must perfect and bring up to the Western standard the Siamese administrative system, already good for the Orient. Strobel was a skilled diplomat, and he was able to obtain favorable treaties almost at once. In suggesting governmental reforms they had the sympathetic and powerful support of King Chulalongkorn, a very able and enlightened monarch. A criminal code was adopted, and other necessary legislation obtained.

After about five years of service, Strobel died of a lingering tropical disease contracted in Egypt during a short leave home, and Westengard became the General Adviser. His place had already been made among the Siamese. No one ever knew Westengard without loving him. The king he served was no exception, nor could one hear Westengard speak of the king without realizing that their affection was mutual. On Westengard's return to Siam after his first leave, the king was absent on a hunting trip, and his first word on reaching his capital was, "Is Westengard come?"; and as soon as he saw his adviser he kissed him on both cheeks. The favorite of a king is proverbially hated most cordially by the court, but no one ever hated or disliked Westengard.

The great work which he did for the foreign relations of Siam

during his advisership was the abolition of exterritoriality. Like all Oriental nations, Siam had been marked in its international relations with a certain badge of inferiority. The native courts were not allowed to take jurisdiction over European or American subjects, who were entitled to have their suits, civil or criminal, tried in the consular courts. Even Japan had only recently thrown off this condition. Siam, having adopted civilized codes and having occidentalized her administration, had grounds for requesting the same privilege; but it was hard for a small nation to secure the ear of indifferent foreign offices, and to persuade diplomats, for whom inaction was safe, to change the beloved "status quo." Westengard proved to be an extraordinarily able advocate of a small state. He could offer no good bargain; he could threaten no bad alternative; justice was his only plea. But justice, in the mouth of a charming, sincere, and enlightened advocate, prevailed amazingly. Treaties abolishing exterritoriality were rapidly obtained.

Westengard was showered with honors by the kings he served. Rank, orders, and decorations were his reward for devoted service. The old king died, but his successor's esteem for his adviser was as high as his father's had been. Westengard's position was one of almost unbounded power for good to a people he had learned to respect and love. He might spend his life in a rank little less than royal, and occupy an imperishable place in the history of the Orient. But, after all, he was an American; and, as he said, the time had come when he must decide whether to remain one, or to put off his native character and become Siamese. The position of Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard was waiting for him; and he returned to Cambridge, a private citizen again, to undertake anew the laborious and obscure life of a teacher.

He came back to a very different school from the one he left. In the twelve years of his absence all the older teachers who had been his colleagues had gone from the school; Langdell had died in 1906, and Ames in 1910; Gray had retired in 1913 and died in 1915; and Judge Smith had retired in 1912. The younger Thayer had just died, tragically, and the school was again in a time of stress. It was a painful moment at the best to begin anew; and the new beginning meant for him a change of climate, of position, of work, and of thought.

Many a time during that first year Westengard must have wished

himself back in Siam. He had to adjust himself to a different style of life; he had to make himself master of three difficult subjects, only one of which he had ever taught before; and, above all, he had to reacquire the art of teaching law. The last was hardest. Seventeen years before, young and fresh from the school, teaching had been easy for him; but in the twelve years of his absence he had grown to middle life in a very different occupation. A good teacher must be quick of thought, if not of speech; he must be ready, forceful, graphic. The diplomat must be patient and sure rather than quick, unhurried, considering carefully every word and act. As a diplomat Westengard had to unlearn his teacher's art; and now, a teacher again, he had to change once more. He set himself loyally to the task, and, at the end of three years, had become a power in the school, and one of those on whom it chiefly relied for service and counsel in the future. Then, almost without warning, peacefully, courteously, serenely, he sank to rest.

Westengard's early style as a teacher was assured, incisive, suggestive. He was clever, helpful, inspiring. After his experience in Siam, without losing his clearness of presentation, he became a teacher of force and power, in whom strength of character and sincerity of soul, thoroughness of research and matured judgment supplied the place of youthful zest. He was one of the masters. If he lacked Ames's splendid sweep of thought, Gray's deftness of touch, Keener's wonderful dialectic, and the younger Thayer's keen analysis, he was worthy to stand with them by virtue of his shining courage and sincerity. He taught comparatively few men; but those happy few know that they were taught by a man of light and leading.

Of the loss to the school it is hard for one to speak whose personal grief is paramount. It is impossible to overrate Westengard's ability. The time will come when his force of character, his calmness of judgment, his trained statesmanship, will be sadly needed. It will be hard to find these qualities in another. And his service to the school was nothing short of devotion. For it he left an almost vice-regal position; to it he devoted days and nights of hard study; and almost his last words were of regret at the difficulty he was causing the school by his sudden withdrawal. His was no divided loyalty; having no college ties, his whole love was given to the school. And loyalty was the bed-rock of his character.

Joseph H. Beale.

WES

ESTENGARD'S life work was in Siam. There opportunity was afforded to bring out his true greatness. Whatever influence he may have exerted as a teacher in the Law School was limited to two periods of five and three years. Twelve years of his life were devoted continuously and exclusively to the service of Siam, and even after his final departure he kept in close touch with that country's administrative affairs.

As the representative of the Siamese government he was to have sat at the coming Peace Conference. His intimate knowledge of European politics, his thorough understanding of the working of the foreign departments of the Great Powers, the respect with which he was regarded in the chancelleries of Europe, his lack of prejudice, clear vision and sure judgment, would have proved of the highest value, not to Siam alone but to all the twenty-four allied and associated countries which have been sacrificing and fighting these four years long to make a better world.

Death intervened at a time when opportunity was opening for his truly great qualities; when international tasks for which his training and experience had so admirably equipped him awaited his sure hand. Whatever impress he may have made on the Law School, no appreciation of his greatness and no proper estimate of his capacities for the future can be arrived at without a thorough understanding of the magnitude and difficulty of the work he accomplished during twelve years of service in Asia.

His one long

Westengard's devotion to his work in Siam was such that for the first seven years he took no leave except for a seven months' tour of Europe, in the company of the late king. For ten years of the twelve he was separated from his family. period of leave in 1912 he improved to visit the foreign offices of the European powers. In the fall of 1913 Mrs. Westengard and his son Aubrey joined him in Siam for the first time. The next June, 1914, he and his family came to America on leave, but he returned again to Siam late in the year and there remained until his final resignatior in June, 1915.

At first he bore the title of Assistant General Adviser, but during