eral Pope, who with the combined forces of Banks, Shields, and Frémont was assuming the offensive in northern Virginia. He first defeated Banks at Cedar Mountain on August 9th, and by a rapid flank movement gained Pope's rear and his depot of supplies at Manassas Junction. On August 29-30 the Confederates under Lee and Jackson achieved a decisive victory over Pope in the second battle of Bull Run, which forced him to fall back upon the Potomac. In Lee's invasion of Maryland, which immediately followed, Jackson was detached to capture Harper's Ferry, which fell into his hands, together with more than 11,500 prisoners and considerable material of war. At Antietam, on September 17th, he commanded the Confederate left wing. At Fredericksburg, December 13th, Jackson, who had recently been promoted to be lieutenant-general, commanded the right of the Army of Northern Virginia, and repelled the attack made by Burnside's left grand division under Franklin. In the following spring the new commander of the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker, crossed the Rappahannock and attempted to interpose his command between Lee and Richmond, sending nearly all his cavalry under Stoneman to cut the Confederate communications with Richmond. The Federal forces, drawn up at Chancellorsville, were greatly superior in strength and were strongly intrenched, excepting on the extreme right of their line. Taking advantage of this weakness, Jackson, on May 2d, with Lee's consent, withdrew his corps from the front, made a long and rapid detour, came in unobserved on the enemy's right flank (Howard's corps), and, screened by the dense wood, advanced in three lines and burst like a tornado upon the unsuspecting Federals. After a slight effort at resistance, the greater part of Howard's corps fled panic-stricken to the rear, hotly pursued by Jackson's men, who were, however, greatly impeded by the underbrush and lost

their formation. With a small escort Jackson advanced in front of his lines, between eight and nine o'clock P.M., to reconnoitre. As he was returning his party was mistaken for Federal cavalry, and was fired upon by the Confederates. Jackson was severely wounded in the left arm and right hand. On the following day his left arm was amputated, and he seemed in a fair way to recover, but pneumonia set in, from which he died May 10, 1863. Jackson was conspicuous not only for his military ability, but also for his personal virtues. Like Cromwell, he blended the devoutness of the Puritan with the severity of the soldier. He never began a battle without a prayer, and after a victory publicly gave thanks to God. He was very gentle in his social relations, and he believed in making war with consideration for all non-combatants, but to the bitter end, relentlessly, against all enemies of his cause. He resembled Sheridan in the soundness of his judgment, quickness to seize an advantage, and personal magnetism, but, like that general, the full measure of his capacity was never tested. When Lee heard of his wounds he exclaimed: "General Jackson has lost his left arm; I have lost my right arm."

He was buried at Lexington, Va. There is a monument to his memory in one of the public parks in Richmond, and the spot where he received his death wound is marked by a plain granite shaft bearing his name. Jackson was twice married, first to Miss Eleanor Junkin, and

second to Miss Mary A. Morrison. Biographies have been published by R. L. Dabney (New York, 1863); John Esten Cooke (1866); Mary A. Cooke (his wife) (New York, 1892). Consult especially a critical study of his campaigns, by Col. G. F. Henderson, entitled Life and Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson (London and New York, 1900).

JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803). An English composer, born at Exeter. He was placed by his father under the care of the organist of Exeter Cathedral, and in 1748 went to London, where he studied under John Travers, organist of King's Chapel. Upon his return to Exeter he became a teacher and composer, and in 1777 organist and master of the choristers of the cathedral. He left two operas, The Lord of the Manor (1780) and The Metamorphosis (1783), besides many songs, sacred compositions, and concerted pieces, which were much admired in England. The Lord of the Manor was exceedingly popular for more than fifty years, and of his Church music the Service in F is still occasionally given. His Six Elegies for Three Voices Dr. Burney considered the best of his works. He published Thirty Letters on Various Subjects (1782), and The Four Ages, Together with Essays on Various Subjects (1798). He was also a landscape painter, and exhibited at the Royal Academy.

JACKSON, WILLIAM LAWIES (1840-). An English politician. He was born in Yorkshire, was educated privately and at a school conducted by the Moravians, and entered upon a business career. In 1876 he sought election to the House of Commons as member for Leeds in the Conhe was successful in North Leeds, and was reservative interest, but was defeated. In 1880 turned for that constituency on four subsequent occasions. His abilities were recognized in 1885 in his appointment as Financial Secretary to tration, and he held the same office in the second the Treasury in Lord Salisbury's first AdminisAdministration of that statesman, formed in cilor, and in 1891-92 served as Chief Secretary In 1890 he was appointed Privy Counfor Ireland. While engaged in politics he maintained his connection with business enterprises, and was for some time chairman of the Great Northern Railway Company.

1886.

JACKSON SQUARE. A public square of New Orleans, La., formerly the Place d'Armes, and renamed for Andrew Jackson, who in 1815 defeated the British at New Orleans.

JACK'SONVILLE. A city and the countyseat of Duval County, Fla., 14 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and 138 miles by rail southwest of Savannah, Ga.; on the Saint Johns River, and on the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Southern, the Florida East Coast, and other railroads (Map: Florida, G 1). It is connected with New York, Charleston, and other Atlantic coast ports by steamship, and since the completion of the improvements in the river has become an important shippingpoint for lumber, shingles, cross-ties, cotton, phosphates, kaolin and clay, oranges, garden produce, naval stores, etc. The city has also a considerable wholesale and retail trade. Prominent among the industrial establishments are cigar factories, lumber and planing mills, mattress and palmetto-fibre factories, carriage

works, iron-foundries, brick-yards, ship-yards, and Steam-engineering works. Jacksonville has long been a popular winter resort. It has several public parks, and is well paved, many of its streets with macadam and vitrified brick. Among the more notable buildings are the United States Government Building, city building, county courthouse, armory, Union Depot, Saint Luke's Hospital, United States Marine Hospital, Confederate Soldiers' Home, Daniel Memorial and Saint Mary's orphan homes, Windsor Hotel, and the Central Grammar School. Hemming Park contains a Confederate monument. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned by the municipality. Jacksonville, named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson, Florida's first Territorial Governor, was founded in 1822. On May 3, 1901, a fire swept over 148 blocks of the city (450 acres), destroying the buildings thereon and causing a loss of over $10,000,000. Pop., 1860,

2118; 1880, 7650; 1900, 28,429; 1905, 35,301.

JACKSONVILLE. A city and the countyseat of Morgan County, Ill., 93 miles north of Saint Louis, Mo.; on the Chicago and Alton, the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis, the Wabash, and the Burlington Route railroads (Map: Illinois, B 4). Primarily a residential place, Jacksonville has numerous colleges and public institutions. It is the seat of Illinois College, founded in 1829 (the first institution of higher learning in the State); the Illinois Woman's College (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1847; Jacksonville Academy for Young Women, opened in 1830; State Conservatory of Music; the State Central Hospital for the Insane; and State institutions for the blind and the deaf and dumb. There are also the Passavant Memorial Hospital, Hospital of Our Saviour, and Carnegie Public Library. Duncan Park and the Morgan County fair grounds are here. The city hall, courthouse, and high school are prominent buildings, and Morgan Lake is of interest. The principal industrial establishments include railroad car shops of the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis, woolen and planing mills, brick-yards, and bridge-works. Jacksonville, named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson, was founded as the county-seat in 1825, and was first incorporated in 1867, this charter being still in operation. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, a council, and administrative officials, the majority of whom are appointed by the mayor, a number of appointments, however, requiring the confirmation of the council. There are municipal water-works and an electric-light plant. Population, in 1890, 12,935; in 1900, 15,078.

JACK SPRAT. A familiar English nursery rhyme, occurring in Halliwell's Nursery Rhymes, where Archdeacon Pratt occupies the place of the later hero, Jack Sprat.

JACK-STONES. A game played with five small pebbles, marbles, or pieces of specially shaped metal (iron). The popular forms of the game are as follows: (a) All five stones are tossed into the air, and caught, so far as is possible, on the back of the hand; or else one of the stones at a time is tossed up and caught in various methods agreed upon. (b) Ones.-In this exercise the stones are at first held in the hand: the Jack (any one of the five) is then tossed into the air; the remaining four are laid upon the floor, and the Jack is caught before it

can land. In Twos, Threes, and Fours the stones are picked up, while the Jack is in the air, by twos, threes, or fours, as the case may be. Other games with Jack-stones are: Riding the Elephant ; Set the Table; Peas in the Pod; and Horses in the Stable. According to Aristophanes, Jackstones was a girls' game, and exceedingly popular, and, according to ancient writers, was originally played with the knuckle-bones of sheep.

JACK-STRAWS. A game played with from 20 to 100 little sticks of ivory or wood, of uniform size and between 4 and 6 inches in length, carved (with the exception of a few Jack-straws which are left perfectly plain) to resemble weapin letting the sticks fall together in a loose heap, ons, implements, tools, etc. The game consists each player in turn extricating as many straws as possible (one at a time) without moving preceptibly any other straw. The decision is in favor of the player with the most straws. Originally the name of the game was jerk-straws, and in England it is also called spillikins. In Germany it is known as Federspiel, and in France as Jonchets or Honchets (from joncher, to strew). JACK TAR. A common term for a sailor, derived from his tarpaulin garments, and frequently shortened to 'tar.'

JACK THE GIANT-KILLER.

A nursery

tale, the subject of which appears in various legends. The English version is adapted from an old British story of Corineus the Trojan, of the tale is the superiority of skill to force. translated by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The theme

JACK THE RIPPER. A name given to the unknown perpetrator of a series of ten brutal murders which occurred in the East End of London between April and September, 1888. The victims were invariably depraved women of the lowest class, and the murders were accompanied by mutilation. Through the excitement caused by these unpunished crimes, the name became a by-word, and is still familiarly applied to authors of similar attempts. From it have grown like phrases to indicate other forms of assault, as Jack the Hugger and Jack the Slasher.

JACK, JAK, or JACA, TREE (East Indian jaca), Artocarpus integrifolia. An East Indian tree of the same genus as the breadfruit (q.v.), but larger. The fruit, which is very large, and weighs from 5 to 50 pounds, sometimes 70 pounds, is produced in great abundance. It resembles the breadfruit, but has a pulp of somewhat unpleas ant flavor. It forms a great part of the food of the natives in some parts of India, Ceylon, etc. The seeds, which lie immediately under the rind, are very palatable when roasted. The timber, which is yellowish, strong, and ornamental, is used for almost every purpose, and is exported for making musical instruments, cabinet-work, the backs of brushes, marqueterie floors, etc. To supply the demand of it, the tree is being planted in many tropical countries.

JACMEL, or JACQUEMEL, zhåk'měl. A seaport town on the south coast of Haiti, situ-, ated on a bay of the same name, 30 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince (Map: West Indies, D 3). The streets are generally very narrow, and the houses mostly of wood. The bay is open, and vessels anchor about one-half mile from shore, and discharge and load by means of lighters. It has a considerable trade with the United States,

and is visited regularly by the English Royal Mail steamers. The population of the commune is estimated at from 30,000 to 50,000. Jacmel is the seat of a United States consul.

JA'COB (Heb. Ya'akob, probably God supplants or rewards; connected by Gen. xxv. 26 with akeb, a heel,' and by Gen. xxvii. 36 with the root meaning 'to deceive'). The third of the Hebrew patriarchs. The story of Jacob, with numerous insertions, is found in Genesis xxv.-1., and is as follows: He was one of the two sons born to Isaac and

Rebekah. His character, quiet, peaceful, and home-loving, appealed to Rebekah, and she loved him more than she did Esau. Taking advantage of his brother's hunger, he bought his birthright (Gen. xxv. 29-34). Later on, instigated by his mother, who had heard of Isaac's purpose to bless Esau, he impersonated his brother and got the blessing intended for the latter. As a consequence Jacob had to flee from home, receiving another blessing from his father before his departure. By his father's command he went to Padan-Aram, to the house of Laban (Gen. xxvii.-xxviii. 5). Here he served seven years for Rachel, but Leah was given to him instead. Undaunted, he served seven years more for Rachel (Gen. xxix.). Of his two wives and two maids, Bilhah and Zilpah, Jacob had twelve sons and one daughter (Gen. xxix. 31-xxx. 24; xxxv. 16-18). Finally Jacob made up his mind to return home. His wives readily agreed, and they stole away from Laban, who pursued and caught up to Jacob, but did him no harm (Gen. xxx. 25-xxxi.). On the way home he met Esau, who behaved magnanimously (Gen. xxxii.xxxiii. 16). After having put away the strange gods found in his camp, Jacob came to Bethel and made an altar on the place where God had appeared to him when he fled from his brother (Gen. xxxv. 1-15). He finally settled in Palestine, but afterwards went to Egypt, where his on Joseph (q.v.) had preceded him (Gen. xxxvii., xlvi.). Jacob died in Egypt at the age of 147, but was buried by his sons in the cave of Machpelah (Gen. xlix. 33, 1. 13). In the course of his career there were three distinct places in which Yahweh or His messengers appeared to him. When fleeing from Esau he halted at Bethel (Gen. xxviii.), and was there assured in a dream, in which God Himself appeared standing beside a ladder on which angels ascended and descended, that he should come safely back to his native land. After his return he again visited Bethel, and God once more appeared to him, changed his name to Israel, and announced the future greatness of the Hebrew nation (Gen. XXXV.). At Mahanaim he encountered angels of God (Gen. xxxii. 1, 2). Lastly, at Penuel he had an encounter with a divine being, who first fought with him, and, when subdued, blessed the patriarch and announced that his name should henceforth be Israel, interpreted as one who prevails in the conflicts with gods and with men (Gen. xxxii. 24-32).

Scholars who accept the compilatory theory of the origin of the Hexateuch find in the Jacob account the same sources as elsewhere in the Book of Genesis. (See ELOHIST AND YAHWIST; HEXATEUCH; GENESIS, BOOK OF.) The first notable feature of the composite narrative, viewed as a whole, is the greater abundance of incidents than in the narratives of Abraham and Isaac, and

the second is the various cycles of tales embodied in the Jacob narrative. We have in the first place (a) a series of Jacob-Esau stories; (b) JacobLaban stories; (c) a series of incidents connected with sanctuaries, Bethel, Mahanaim, Penuel, and Shechem; (d) stories of Jacob's children. There are good reasons for supposing that the Jacob-Esau and the Jacob-Laban stories existed independently, but have been combined by the compilers of the Yahwistic and Elohistic histories. In this process the various incidents have been arbitrarily separated and inserted in the story of Jacob's career at points where they seemed best to fit in. It thus happens that the Jacob-Esau stories are not told consecutively; but after the account of the birth of Jacob and Esau it is explained how Esau lost his birthright, and the flight of Jacob is related (chaps. xxv.-xxvii.); the Jacob-Laban tales are then introduced (chaps. xxviii.-xxxi.), ending with a second flight of Jacob, this time from Laban; then the combination of the JacobEsau stories is again taken up and brought to a close (xxxii.-xxxiii. 17), after which we have a series of miscellaneous incidents in Canaan and Egypt. Interspersed in these three sections of the narrative we encounter the incidents at the sanctuaries Bethel and Mahanaim; the marriages of Jacob and the birth of his children; incidents in the careers of his children, leading to the introduction of an entirely independent cycle of Joseph stories (Gen. xxxvii.-xlvii., 1.).

The elaborate and complex character of the narrative points to the union of various streams of tradition, and under the circumstances it is not easy to determine the centre to which Jacob belongs. That, like Israel, he is not an individual, but represents some clan, or rather is the eponymous ancestor of some clan, is thought to be certain, and the prominence of Bethel in the Jacob Esau cycle points to this place as at one time at least the home of the tribe. The rivalry between Jacob and Esau is also easy to understand. It reflects the hostility between Hebrews and Edomites (see ESAU; EDOM), which marks the relation between those two groups, conscious throughout their history of the close genealogical ties that bound them together. Just as in the case of Ishmael (q.v.) features are found which place him in a more favorable light than Isaac, so in the Jacob-Esau cycle there is at bottom a series of traditions which originated in the Esau groups, and which Jewish tradition had to reshape so as to remove all features unfavorable to Jacob. The attempt, however, did not succeed altogether; and accordingly Jacob appears actually in the light of a deceiver, and, what is more, is obliged to flee from Esau. This flight, if it means anything, points to the discomfiture at some time of the Jacob clan driven from its district by the more powerful Esau. An alliance is entered upon between Jacob and a distinct Aramæan clan, Laban. The marriages of Jacob into four groups and the birth of numerous children indicate the gradual growth and extension of the Jacob clan until it feels itself powerful enough to cut loose from Laban and return to its former haunts.

clan is depicted as though the confederates all sprang from him, whereas, as a matter of fact, the Hebrew confederacy represents the combination of heterogeneous elements having less in common than many of the groups have with others who did not join the confederation or were never incorporated into it. The adjustment of tribal traditions to the later religious and historical theory did not proceed without encountering hindrances. To secure the number twelve and make it work right on all occasions was especially difficult, and the narrators are not at all consistent in their method of obtaining this number. It is this attempted adjustment of popular stories, legends, and myths to later theory that accounts for the identification of Jacob with Israel, the eponymous ancestor of the Bene Israel; and in this process of elaboration and transformation of old stories it is also important to note the alternating traces of northern and southern Hebrew writers. It was the northern kingdom, formed of ten tribes, that represented

the real Israel; and the identification of Jacob with Israel and the favoritism shown by Jacob to Joseph (the father of Ephraim and Manasseh) represent the work of northern writers, who thus turn out to have had the larger share in the process of reshaping traditions. Rightly interpreted, the story of Jacob thus becomes the key to the history of Jewish tradition. In its details it not only conceals a large amount of valuable material for the earlier traditions of many of the clans forming the Hebrew confederation, but also enables us to trace the gradual progress of the transformation of the material and its adaptation to the purpose of writers imbued with strong likes and dislikes, who viewed the past from a very subjective point of view. To this point of view there must be added, in the case of the compiler of the Yahwistic and Elohistic histories, and to a still greater degree in the case of the priestly narrator, a religious theory which is the outcome of an uncompromising confidence in Yahweh as the established guide of His people and the zealous and exclusive devotion to His service. This theory is, in brief, that Yahweh established His covenant with the patriarchs, and that the history of the people back to its beginnings is an illustration and proof of this covenant. In some respects Jacob is a more important prop to this theory than even Abraham; certainly more important than Isaac. Indeed, it would seem that the story of Jacob thus worked out represents by itself a complete illustration of the theory, and that Abraham and Isaac are tacked on to it as appendices or links by means of which the theory can be joined to another originally independent series of traditions, again reshaped, elaborated, and made to take a definite direction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. For full discussion of the investigations of the Jacob narratives, consult the commentaries on Genesis of Dillmann, Holzinger, and Gunkel, and the Hebrew histories of Wellhausen, Stade, Guthe, Kittel, and Piepenbring; also Stark, Studien zur Religions- und Sprach geschichte des alten Testaments (Berlin, 1899 et seq.). For the later Jewish legends about Jacob, consult the article "Jacob," in Hamburger, Real Encyklopaedie für Bibel und Talmud (Leipzig, 1897). Winckler, in his Geschich te Israels (Leipzig, 1895-1900), and Stucken, Astralmythen der Hebräer (Leipzig, 1896), pro

pose a mythological explanation of Jacob; but the theory as a whole has not been accepted, though it may be admitted that some mythical elements may have crept into the narrative.

JACOB, GILES (1686-1744). An English compiler, born at Romsey, Hampshire. He studied law, and published a great number of technical works, such as The Accomplished Conveyancer (3 vols., 1714) and the Compleat Chancery-Practiser (1730), besides his dissertations on rural life: The Compleat Court-keeper (1713); The Country Gentleman's Vade-Mecum (1717); The Compleat Sportsman (1718); and The Land Purchaser's Companion (1720); but his most important work was his Poetical Register, or Lives and Characters of the English Dramatic Poets (2 vols., 1719-20).

and military author. He was born at WoolavingJACOB, JOHN (1812-58). An English soldier ton, Somerset, and was educated at Addiscombe 1828, served in the Afghan War in 1839, and in College. He entered the Bombay Artillery in 1841 took command of the Sindh (or Jacob's) irregular horse, with which he enforced order in Upper Sindh and Cutch, and under Napier distinguished himself at Miani and elsewhere. The injustice of William Napier's Conquest of the

Sind roused Jacob to his own defense and to Outram's. In 1852 he became commandant of the native police of Upper Sindh, negotiated a treaty with the Khan of Khelat (1854); in 1857 served under Outram, and, after his departure, was in sole command of the army in Persia. He died in 1858, at Jacobabad, which had been named in his honor. Jacob was a splendid organizer of native troops, an excellent cavalry officer, and the inventor of a rifle and an explosive bullet. He wrote many tracts on the defects of the British Army and civil service in India; collected by Pelly, Views and Opinions of General Jacob (2d ed. 1858).

JACOB, zhȧ'köb', LOUIS LEON (1768-1854). A French admiral. He was born at Tonnay, Charente; was educated at Rochefort, and volunteered from a clerkship in the marine bureau to the navy (1784). He was promoted to ensign in 1793; commanded the Ca ira in her brave fight against a superior English force (1795), and was taken prisoner. After his release he distinguished himself (1798) against Sir John Warren's fleet, and was again captured but soon exchanged. He took part in the campaign in Santo Domingo in 1801; was commandant at Granville (1805), and at Naples (1806); and shared in the battle of Sables d'Olonne. He was made a rear-admiral in 1812, and in 1814 defended Rochefort. He was retired on the Restoration; reëntered active service in 1820; was Governor of Guadeloupe from 1823 to 1826; served on the admiralty board until 1834, when he became Minister of Marine; and was aide-decamp to Louis Philippe until 1848. He introduced in 1805 a system of semaphores which was long used in the French Navy.

JA'COB, RICHARD TAYLOR (1825-1903). An American soldier, born in Oldham County, Ky. He was educated for a lawyer, but after travels in South Africa went West in 1846, and there he enlisted a body of mounted men to assist General Frémont in taking possession of California. He occupied himself with political matters in Kentucky until 1862, and served in the Civil War

as colonel of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry Regiment, raised by himself. He was with MajorGeneral Buell for a time, and afterwards joined in the pursuit of General John Morgan. He accompanied General Shackelford on the Tennessee expedition that resulted in the capture of 2500 men under General Fraser at Cumberland Gap, and was in the desperate struggle at Bean's Station.

JACOBÆ'A, JACOBE, yå-kō'be, or JACOBINE, zhȧ'ko'bên' (1558-97). A duchess of Jülich, daughter of the Margrave Philibert of Baden-Baden. Brought up a Catholic by her uncle, Albert of Bavaria, she married in 1585 John William, who, seven years later, succeeded his father as Duke of Jülich, and soon after became insane. Jacobæa was accused of dissolute conduct, and brought to trial before the Emperor by her enemies; but before he gave sentence she was found murdered in her bed. A German play by Kugler, Jakobäa (1850), dramatizes the story. Consult Stieve, Zur Geschichte der Herzogin Jakobäa von Jülich (Bonn, 1878).

JACOB EV'ERTZEN. A quaint book-name applied to the small, brightly colored grouperlike West Indian fishes of the genus Bodianus, otherwise known as 'guativeres,' and by other names. According to Bloch, the fish was named for Jacob Evertzen, a noted Dutch pilot in the middle of the eighteenth century, whose pockmarked face suggested to his fellow sailors the dark-spotted and freckled fishes (especially the Bodianus guttatus, the type of the genus). See GUATIVERE.

JACOB FAITHFUL. A novel by Captain Frederick Marryat (1839), appearing first in the Metropolitan Magazine. It tells the adventures of Jacob, a waterman, born on a Thames lighter, is lively and amusing, and one of Marryat's best stories.

JACO’BI, Ger. pron. yå-kō′bê, ABRAHAM (1830 -). An eminent German-American physician, born at Hartum, Westphalia, Germany. He studied at the universities of Greifswald, Göttingen, and Bonn, obtaining his degree in medicine from the last-named institution. Having been an active participant in the struggle for free Germany in 1848 and thereafter, Jacobi was prosecuted for treason and was kept in Prussian prisons from 1851 to 1853. In the latter year, after spending a few months in Manchester, England, he came to America, and established himself in New York City. In 1857 he took an active part in founding the German dispensary. In 1860 he was chosen to fill the first chair of diseases of children instituted in this country, that of the New York Medical College. In 1865 he was elected to fill a similar chair in the medical department of the University of the City of New York. In 1868 he took part in founding the German Hospital of New York. His position at New York University he occupied till 1870, when he was chosen clinical professor of the diseases of children in the College of Physicians and Sur geons, New York City (medical department of Columbia University). The latter position he retained until his resignation in 1902, when he was made professor emeritus. He was the first to establish, in New York City, systematic and special clinics for the diseases of children, and very largely to him is due the recognition of pediatrics as a distinct branch of medicine. In 1895 he

was urged to leave New York and become professor of pediatrics in the University of Berlin, but he declined the honor. He was for many years consulting physician to the New York City Department of Health, to the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital, and to the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, and visiting physician to the Nursery and Child's Hospital. He served as physician to the Mount Sinai Hospital from 1860, to the Hebrew Orphan Asylum from 1868, to Bellevue Hospital from 1873, and to Roosevelt Hospital from 1898. A

Dr. Jacobi's writings are very numerous. great number of his papers, principally on diseases of women and children, were published in medical and other periodicals in this country and in Germany.

Among his book-form publications are: Cogitationes de Vita Rerum Naturalium (1851); Dentition and Its Derangements (1862); Infant Diet (1873; 3d ed. 1875); A Treatise on Diphtheria (1880); The Intestinal Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (1887); Therapeutics of Infancy and Childhood (1895; 2d ed. 1897). His contributions to Noeggerath and Jacobi's Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children (1859), and his "Hygiene und Pflege der Kinder," in Gerhardt's Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten (1877), are most noteworthy. In 1893 he published two volumes of miscellaneous essays and addresses on a variety of subjects, mostly medical, under the title Aufsätze, Vorträge und Reden (1893). In 1873 he was married to Miss Mary C. Putnam, of New York, herself a noted physician, author, and teacher. See JACOBI, MARY PUTNAM.

he

JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819). A German philosopher. He was born at Düsseldorf, January 25, 1743, and was educated at Frankfort and Geneva with a view to preparing himself for a mercantile career, which began in 1762. In 1772 he was appointed councilor of finance for the duchies of Berg and Jülich, and having married a woman of wealth was enabled to devote himself to literary pursuits. In 1794 he moved to Holstein, and in 1804 to Munich, where he had been appointed a member of the newly instituted Academy of Sciences, of which he became president in 1807. He died on March 10, 1819. His writings consist partly of romances and partly of philosophical treatises. The principal are Woldemar (2 vols., 1779) and Eduard Allwills Briefsammlung (1781), both philosophical romances which attracted much attention in their day, but have now no claim to special recognition, while his philosophical work has still considerable interest. Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an Mendelssohn (Breslau, 1785) is a polemic against logical methods of speculation in the search after the higher class of truths; and David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (Breslau, 1787) continues the polemic and makes an attempt to demonstrate that the mind or nature of man possesses another faculty-viz. faith, or intuition-by which the higher truths are as firmly grasped and in the same way as the material world is grasped by it, since sense is incompetent to witness to the independent reality of that world. His collected works appeared at Leipzig (6 vols., 181224). Consult: Fricker, Die Philosophie des Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (Augsburg, 1854); Zirngiebl, F. H. Jacobis Leben, Dichtungen und