known only by one or a few specimens. The species illustrated upon the accompanying plate are representative of the range of variety in the group. Thus Bathypterois quadrifilis, remarkable for the four long, whitish filaments of its fins (tactile organs of extreme sensibility), is a little fish, nearly black, and dwells in the tropical Atlantic at a depth of 500 to 800 fathoms. Another small, dark-colored bottom fish (five and one-half inches) is Ipnops Murrayi, found widely distributed at a depth of about 2000 fathoms, which is provided with an extraordinary sensory apparatus. It is eyeless, but the whole top of the flattened head consists of a pair of large, transparent membrane-bones, which cover a peculiar divided organ, one-half lying on each side of the median line of the head. This at first was supposed to be a luminous organ, but Mosely has discovered that it represents the lost eyes, each half of the organ having a flattened cornea along the dividing line, and a large retina of complicated structure, adapted to produce an image and to receive especial luminous rays. Referring especially to this fish, Alexander Agassiz has stated that while in some cases the eyes of these migrants from the shores and the surface to the black depths have not been specially modified, in others there have been modifications of a luminous mucous membrane, leading on the one hand to phosphorescent organs more or less specialized, or on the other to such remarkable structures as the eyes of Ipnops, intermediate between true eyes and specialized phosphorescent plates. Where the fishes have be come blind, the integument, lateral line, and various tactile appendages acquire extraordinary sensibility, as in cave animals (q.v.). The curious miniature of a whale illustrated in Fig. 9 of the Plate is one of the two known species of the genus Cetomimus, less than six inches long and living at great depths. For an account of Fig. 8, see LANCET-FISH.

LANTERN-FISHES PROPER. The foregoing species do not possess light-giving organs to any considerable degree, if at all; but most of the group are provided with phosphorescent lanterns. The family Myctophidae contains about 100 species, all of small size, carnivorous, and very widely distributed in the open seas. They sometimes come to the surface at night or in stormy weather, but ordinarily dwell in the depths. All have luminous spots or photophores more or less regularly placed along the sides of the body, while larger light-giving glands are lodged in the head, or near the tail, or both. One of the most vivid light-bearers is a steel-blue Pacific Coast species (Tarletonbeania tenua), whose light-spots are shown in Fig. 4. It also has large functional eyes, and crenulated scales, but no lateral line. The name 'viper-fishes' has been given to the genus represented by a species (Chauliodus Sloanei) about twelve inches long, discovered on the Banks of Newfoundland. It has both eyes and photophores, and also a tactile ray, extending from the dorsal fin. It is also an inhabitant of the North Pacific. Somewhat similar, and highly endowed with luminous organs, is Photonectes gracilis, known only from a single specimen, 7 inches long, taken off Martinique, 472 fathoms below the surface. Even more extraordinary is the small black fish (Malacosteus niger) represented in Fig. 10. It lives in very deep water, yet has large, useful eyes, as well as two head

lights' in the form of strong luminous organs near the eyes, and many photophores on the body. The curious way in which the lower jaw is attached to the skull is unique among fishes. This connection is made by a cylindrical muscular band, which Gunther believes to be contractile, "serving to give the extremity of the mandible power of resistance when the fish has seized its prey," as without such a contrivance so long and slender a bone as the jaw would be broken by the victim's struggles. Argyrope lecus (Fig. 7) represents a group of fishes, only two or three inches long, that come to the surface at night, and during the day descend into the depths.

Consult the general authorities mentioned under FISH, and especially Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology (Cambridge, 1896), where complete references to the literature relating to deep-sea fishes will be found.

See DEEP-SEA EXPLORATION for the methods by which many of these fishes have been obtained; and LUMINOSITY OF ANIMALS for a more particular account of their light-giving organs.

LANTERN-FLY. An insect of the exten

sive family Fulgorida. Some of these insects quite small. are among the largest known, but others are Some look very much like butterNeuroptera. The family has received its comflies or moths, while still others greatly resemble mon name because of the peculiarly enlarged, misshapen proboscis of some of the tropical forms, which may equal the length of the body, and is said by the natives of the tropics to be luminescent-a statement disputed by scientific observers. Many of the species are beautifully and brilliantly colored. Some of them secrete a valuable white wax, in some cases in masses far exceeding the length of the insect. This is collected by the Chinese from a local species and made into candles. All the lantern-flies are herbivorous. Some of the exotic species seriously injure crops, but none in the United States does any appreciable damage. They are common in rank herbage and among the reeds of fresh and salt water swamps, and are usually protectively colored. Several forms that are green in summer turn brown with the reeds in the autumn. A pale green species (Ormenis septentrionalis) occurs on the wild grapevine. Scolops is a very common, widely distributed North American genus, with a long proboscis like that of the exotic species. The most injurious of the North American species is Chlorochroa conica, which feeds on the leaves of corn and the sugar-beet in parts of the West.

LANTERN-SHELL. A bivalve mollusk of the genus Anatina. The shell is oblong, swollen The species occur in thin, often inequivalve. India, the Philippines, New Zealand, and on the west coast of America.

LANTHANUM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. λarOável, lanthanein, to conceal). A metallic element discovered in 1839 by Mosander in the mineral cerite. Absolutely pure lanthanum has probably never been obtained. Besides cerite, lanthanum occurs also in the minerals gadolinite, lanthanite, and orthite. The ordinary proc esses for its isolation from the substances with which it is associated are very complex. its chloride it may be obtained in the metallic state by treatment with metallic potassium. Lanthanum (symbol, La; atomic weight, 138.9) is a

From

white, fairly malleable and ductile metal of specific gravity 6.163. It combines with oxygen to form a sesquioxide (La,O,), and it forms the corresponding trichloride, nitrate, carbonate, sulphate, and other salts, most of which are colorless, and have an astringent, sweetish taste. Neither the metal nor the salts have any important commercial uses. See CERIUM; CERITE.

LANUVIUM. An old and important city of Latium near the Appian Way, about sixteen miles south of Rome, on a hill commanding an extensive view of the sea. It was probably colonized from Alba. It first became important in the fifth century B.C., by the part it took against Rome as one of the thirty cities of the Latin League. Afterwards in the wars between Rome and the Equi and Volsci it sided with Rome. In the great Latin war, 340-338 B.C., it took part against Rome, but was treated leniently by the victorious Romans, who, instead of punishing the inhabitants, made them Roman citizens. After the time of Cicero it was important only as the chief seat of the worship of Juno Sospita. It was the birthplace of Antoninus Pius, and of Milo, the antagonist of Clodius; and near it was born the comedian Roscius. The small town of Cività Lavinia occupies part of the site of the old Lanuvium, of which a few walls and pavements remain.

LANʼZA, GAETANO (1848-). An American mathematician, engineer, and educator, born in Boston, Mass. He was educated at the University of Virginia, was an instructor there for two years, in 1872-74 was an instructor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed assistant professor, and (in 1875) professor of theoretical and applied mechanics. In 1883 he was placed in charge of the department of mechanical engineering. He was elected to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and became a member of various other learned organizations. In addition to his work in the Institute, he was often active as a consulting engineer. His writings include numerous scientific papers presented to societies, and a volume on Applied Mechanics (1885).

An

LANZA, län'zå, GIOVANNI (1815-82). Italian statesman, born at Vignale in Piedmont.

He studied medicine at Turin, and practiced his profession at Vignale for several years; early joined the Agrarian Society: founded the Opi

nione; and in 1848 was elected to the Sardinian Parliament, where he was a prominent member of the Left Centre. He was Minister of Education under Cavour (1855-58), and Minister of Finance up to the resignation of Cavour after Villafranca, in July, 1859. After serving as president of the House of Deputies, he acted for a year (1864-65) as Minister of the Interior. He returned to the legislative chamber, and served there (in 1867 and 1868 again as president) until 1869, when, having defeated the Ministry of Menabrea, he became head of the Cabinet and Minister of the Interior. Under his administration, which carried through important educational reforms, the seat of the Government was transferred to Rome. He resigned in 1873 owing to a coalition of the Left and the Right against his financial policy. He was a Deputy up to

the time of his death. Consult Tavallini, Lanza ed i suoi tempi (Turin, 1887).

LANZAROTE, lün'tha-rō'tà. One of the Canary Islands (q.v.), the most easterly of the group. Area, 325 square miles. Population (1900), 17,550. It is very irregular in outline and of volcanic origin; its surface is rough and mountainous. It has some agricultural products, and is famous for its grapes. The island has no good harbors; its capital, Arrecife, has a popula

tion of 3000.

LANZI, länʼzê, LUIGI (1732-1810). A celebrated Italian antiquary, born at Monte dell' Olmo, near Macerata, June 14, 1732. He entered the Order of the Jesuits, and resided at Rome, and afterwards at Florence, where he became president of the Accademia della Crusca. In 1782 he published at Florence his Descrizione della galleria di Firenze. His great works are his Saggio di lingua etrusca (1789), in which he maintains the influence of Greece upon Etruscan civilization, and his Storia pittorica d'Italia, etc. (1792 and 1809). This latter work was translated into English by Thomas Roscoe (1847). He is the author also of several poems, works on Etruscan vases, sculptures, etc. His posthumous works were published in two volumes at Florence in 1817. Consult Boni, Elogio dell' abate L. Lanzi (Pisa, 1816).

LAOAG, là-wig. The capital of the Province of Ilocos Norte (q.v.), Philippines (Map: Philippine Islands, C 1). It is situated in a fertile plain, in the northwestern part of Luzon, on the right bank of the Laoag or Pagsán River, five and one-half miles from the sea. Its houses are for the most part well built, especially the town hall and the church; it has a telegraph station, and is the projected terminus of a railroad from Manila. Population, in 1903, 34,454.

LAOCOÖN, lâ-õk'ô-on (Lat., from Gk. Aaoκówv, Laokoon). According to classic legend, a priest of Apollo in Troy, who in vain warned his countrymen against receiving within their walls the wooden horse. According to the version given by Vergil in the Eneid, two serpents then came swimming from Tenedos, attacked the two sons of Laocoön, and, when the father came to their help, destroyed him also. There are many traces of earlier versions; in one only the sons are killed, and the serpents are sent by a warning to Eneas; in another Apollo as The destruction falls on the father and one son. story is not noticed in the Homeric poems, but was told in the later epic, and was the subject of a tragedy by Sophocles. It acquires a peculiar interest from being the subject of one of the best-known works of ancient sculpture still in existence: a group discovered in 1506 at Rome, in the Sette Sale, on the side of the Esquiline Hill, and purchased by Pope Julius II. for the Vatican. The whole treatment of the subject, the anatomical accuracy of the figures, and the representation both of bodily pain and of passion, have secured for the group a higher place than it properly merits. According to Pliny, it was the work of the Rhodian artists Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus. Until lately archæologists differed as to the date to be assigned. The accurate date of the work, however, has been established by the discovery in Rhodes of a statue of a priest of Athena whose date is 42 B.C. This statue bears the signature of

Athenodorus, the son of Agesander, and there is little reason to doubt that this Athenodorus, who later on (22-21 B.C.) appears as priest together with his brother Agesander, was with the latter one of the sculptors of the Laocoon group. In spite of its wonderful execution, this group is not an example of the best Greek work, but belongs to a period of low artistic ideals. For an æsthetic exposition of its merits, consult Lessing, Laokoon oder über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie, especially in the second edition by Blümner (Berlin, 1880), where the earlier literature is cited; also Robert, Bild und Lied (Berlin, 1881); Kekule, Zur Deutung und Zeitbestimmung des Laokoon (Stuttgart, 1883); and Förster, in the Verhandlungen der vierzigsten Philologenversammlung zu Görlitz (Leipzig,

1890).

The son of the Phæacian King Alcinous and Arete. (2) King of Thebes and son of Eteocles. The expedition of the Epigoni against Thebes took place in his reign, and he was slain by Alemæon, after having killed their leader, Ægialeus.

LA'ODAMI'A (Lat., from Gk. Aaodáμela, Laodameia). (1) The daughter of Acastus and Astydamia. Learning of the death of her husband, Protesilaus, in the Trojan War, she consoled herself by keeping constantly with her a wooden image of the hero; and when her father caused it to be burned in order to turn her mind from her sorrow, she threw herself into the fire. According to another tradition, Protesilaus was restored to life for three hours, and Laodamia accompanied him on his return to the lower world. The story is used by Wordsworth in his poem Laodamia. (2) The daughter of Bellerophon and mother by Zeus of Sarpedon.

LAODICE, lâ-ŏd'í-sē (Lat., from Gk. Aaodíkn, Laodikē). (1) A nymph, and the mother of Niobe by Phoroneus. (2) The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and wife of Helicaon. (3) In Homer, the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, called Electra by the tragic poets.

LAODICEA, lã'od-i-se'ȧ (Lat., from Gk. Λαοδίκεια, Laodikeia). The name of several Greek cities in the East, built by the Seleucidæ, who ruled the Kingdom of Syria after the death of Alexander the Great. Five of these were named after Laodice, wife of Seleucus Nicator,

and one after the wife of Antiochus Theos. Three are of some importance, two in Asia Minor and one in Syria. Most important was Laodicea ad Lycum, situated in Southwestern Asia Minor, commonly reckoned in Phrygia, though sometimes included in Caria or Lydia. It was situated about 11 miles west of Colossæ, at the junction of several important roads from the coast and interior, and was at one time called Diospolis, but was renamed by Antiochus Theos (B.C. 260), who reëstablished and fortified the town as a centre of Greek influence. It soon became a large and wealthy city, and, in spite of the disasters of the Mithradatic wars, it was a chief seat of Roman influence under the Empire. It seems to have early become a Christian centre, as it is mentioned in the Epistle to the Colossians (ii. 1), and is one of the seven churches addressed in the Apocalypse.

The town was a banking centre, and famous for its manufacture of cloth from the glossy

black wool of the district, but it likewise had obtained great renown for its school of medicine connected with the Temple of Men Karu, who was identified with the Greek Asclepios. It changed hands more than once in the wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Turks, and gradually fell into decay. The site, known as Eski-hissar, is deserted, but contains a number of fine ruins of the Roman period, including a well-preserved stadium and two theatres. The town was supplied with water by an aqueduct of which many arches remain. Consult Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, vol. i. (Oxford, 1895).

Another town, founded by Seleucus Nicator, in the territory of Lycaonia, was situated on the highroad from Ephesus to the East. The town was known as Laodicea Combusta (Gk. Aaodikela KATAKEKAVμévn), probably because of an early destruction by fire, though Strabo says the name was due to the volcanic rocks in the neighborhood; modern travelers deny that there is any such formation. The modern Sorgan Ladik probably occupies the site of this city, and in the neighborhood are extensive architectural remains.

The third city, also founded by Seleucus, was Laodicea ad Mare, in Northern Syria, now Latakia (q.v.).

LAODICEA, COUNCIL OF. A council held during the fourth century, but whether toward the beginning, middle, or end has been earnestly debated without being determined. It consisted of thirty-two bishops from different provinces of Asia, and embodied its decisions in sixty canons, relating to matters of ritual, church order, dignity, precedence, discipline, morals, faith, and heresy. The most important of them is the last, giving a list of the books of Scripture received at that time as canonical, which does not contain the Apocrypha or Revelation. They may be found in Hardouin, Conciliorum Collectio, vol. i. (Paris, 1715). Consult Hefele, Konziliengeschichte, vol. ii. (Freiburg, 1855-74).

LAODICEANS, lã'od-i-sẽ'anz, EPISTLE ΤΟ THE. See APOCRYPHA; EPHESIANS, EPISTLE TO

THE.

LAOKOON, lå-Ŏk'ô-on. A treatise on the characteristics of poetry and sculpture by Lessing (1766), based upon the Laocoon group in the Vatican. It was written to combat the views of Winckelmann, who believed that the expression of repressed agony given by the sculptor to Laocoon's face indicated a higher type of heroism than the priest's cries as described by Vergil.

LAOM'EDON (Lat., from Gk. Aaouédwr). Son and successor of Ilus, who founded the city of Ilium. He is said to have been served by Poseidon and Apollo by command of Zeus, the former erecting the walls of the new city, while Apollo acted as herdsman. Laomedon having refused to pay them according to agreement, Apollo sent a plague and Poseidon a sea-monster, which killed many Trojans, until an oracle commanded the offering of Laomedon's daughter Hesione. Hercules appeared at this point, and, having been promised the immortal horses given by Zeus to Tros, slew the monster and freed Hesione. When his reward was refused, Hercules gathered a small force, killed Laomedon, captured the city, and carried off Hesione as booty, after placing