Three years afterwards he was put in command of the Athenian forces and was killed at Mantinea (418). One of Plato's dialogues is named after him.

LACHES. A dialogue of Plato. Lysimachus and Melesias, desiring a better education for their boys than that which they have enjoyed, consult Nicias and Laches about the importance of fencing. Socrates is appealed to and leads the discussion to a consideration of the nature of courage. The dialogue is enlivened by irony and witty repartee.

LACHESIS, lak'ê-sis (Lat., from Gk. Aáxɛois). In Greek mythology, one of the three Fates. See PARCE.

LACHINE, lå-shen'. A town in Jacques Cartier County, Quebec, Canada, on Lake Saint Louis and the Grand Trunk Railroad; eight miles southwest of Montreal (Map: Quebec, C 5). It is a favorite summer residence of many Montreal citizens, and a popular winter resort of pleasure parties. The Lachine Canal, built to avoid the famous Lachine rapids on the Saint Lawrence, connects the town with Montreal, and all the water commerce between that city and the west passes through this canal. The town is the starting and landing place for the Ottawa line of steamers for Kingston, etc. It is the seat of extensive electric power works which supply Montreal. It has a tannery, brewery, pickle factories, etc. The name La Chine was given to the site in 1669, in derision of early explorers who after reaching this point returned to their companions at Montreal, whom they had left four months previously, hoping to reach China by way of the Saint Lawrence. In 1689 the Iroquois burned Lachine and massacred all the inhabitants. Population, 1891, 3761; 1901, 5561. LACHISH, la'kish (Heb. Lakish). A city of Judah, which on several occasions played an important part in Hebrew history. The King of Lachish and four allies were routed by Joshua (Joshua x. 1-33) and Lachish was taken. The city was given to the tribe of Judah (ib. xv. 39), and in the time of Rehoboam became a strong fortress (II. Chron. xi. 9). It was to Lachish that King Amaziah fled when a conspiracy obliged him to leave Jerusalem, and he was slain there (II. Kings, xiv. 19). There is a remarkable reference to the city in a discourse of the prophet Micah (i. 13), who denounces the place as "the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion," in which all the transgressions of Israel were found. Sennacherib in his raid on the Kingdom of Judah took Lachish, together with other fortified cities, and on his return to Assyria had a sculpture prepared in which he depicts himself seated on his throne at Lachish and receiving the Jewish captives. It was to Lachish that King Hezekiah of Judah sent messengers with gifts and promises in the hope of inducing Sennacherib to spare Jerusalem (II. Kings xviii. 14-16) and abandon the campaign. Lachish was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar on his invasion of Palestine (Jer. xxxiv. 7), and is mentioned among the cities resettled by the Israelites on their return from the Babylonian captivity (Neh. xi. 30). Flinders Petrie and Bliss have identified Lachish with Tell el-Hesy, a mound of ruins, the situation of which corre sponds to that required for Lachish, 16 miles

east of Gaza. The remains of eight cities, one above another, were found on excavating this round, and the history they indicate for the spot agrees with what is known of Lachish to such an extent as to make the identification all but certain. Consult: Petrie, Tell el-Hesy (London, 1891); Bliss, A Mound of Many Cities (London,. 1894); Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, vol. ii. (London, 1885-88).

LACHLAN, lõk'lan. A river of New South Wales, Australia (Map: New South Wales, C 3). It has its source in the Cullarin Range, 175 miles southwest of Sydney, and flows first northwest through an uneven forest region, then southwest through the great treeless plains, where in the dry season it is sometimes reduced to a chain of ponds. It joins the Murrumbidgee after a course of 700 miles, and through the latter it discharges into the Murray on the southwestern boundary of the colony.

LACHMANN, läG'mån, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851). A celebrated German critic and philologist, born at Brunswick, March 4, 1793. He studied at the universities of Leipzig and Göttingen, became professor in the University of Königsberg in 1818, and in that of Berlin in 1825. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern philology. His literary activity was extraordinary. He was equally devoted to classical philology and to old German literature, and illustrated both with a profound and critical sagacity. The list of his published works is exceedingly long. Among his more important productions were editions of the Nibelungenlied and the works of the minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach; editions of Lucretius (4th ed. 1882), Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius; and the text of the New Testament (1831), of which, in collaboration with Buttmann, he published a larger edition in two volumes, with the Latin Vulgate translation, in 1842 and 1850. He died in Berlin, March 13, 1851. Consult his Life, by Hertz (Berlin, 1851).

LACHNER, läc'ner, FRANZ (1803-90). An eminent German orchestral composer and contrapuntist, born in Rain, Bavaria. He studied under his father (piano), and Eisenhofer (composition), and becoming very proficient on the pianoforte, organ, and violoncello, he went to Vienna in 1822 to study composition and counterpoint under Stadler and Sechter, and was fortunate enough to become intimate with Schubert. In 1836 he became Court kapellmeister in Munich, and in 1852 was appointed directorgeneral of music, but retired in 1868, dissatisfied with the growing fondness of the Court for the music of the Wagnerian school. Lachner is regarded as a classic composer in Germany, and is universally esteemed for his skill in contrapuntal work.

His works include operas, symphonies, chamber-music, pianoforte music, songs, and part-songs. His suites for orchestra are his masterpieces, and show great skill in harmony and counterpoint. He died in Munich.

LACHRYME CHRISTI, lik'ri-mê kris'tf (Lat., tears of Christ). A muscatel wine of a sweet but piquant taste, and a most agreeable bouquet, which is produced from the grapes of Mount Somma, near Vesuvius, the name being derived from that of a near-by monastery. There

are two kinds, the white and the red, the first being generally preferred. The demand for this wine being greater than the supply, large quantities of that produced in Pozzuoli, Istria, and Nola are sold under this name.

LACHRYMAL ORGANS. The lachrymal organs consist of the gland which secretes the tears and is situated in the anterior upper and outer part of the orbit of the puncta, the canaliculi, the lachrymal sac, and the nasal duct. The diseases of these organs are limited to growths affecting the gland, excessive secretion of tears, and impediments to their escape in the nose. See EYE.

LACHRYMATORY, lakʼri-mȧ-to-ri (from ML. lacrimatorium, lacrymatorium, vessel for tears, from Lat. lacrima, OLat. dacrima, Gk. dáκρu, dakry, Welsh dacr, Goth. tagr, OHG. zahar, Ger. Zühre, AS. tear, Eng. tear). The name applied to small bottles of glass or earthenware found in ancient tombs, and used to contain perfumes. The name was given them under the erroneous supposition that they were used to contain the tears of the friends of the deceased.

LACHUTE, lå-shoot'. A town of Argenteuil County, Quebec, Canada, on the North River, 45 miles west by north of Montreal, on the Canadian Pacific, and the Great Northern of Canada railroads (Map: Quebec, B 5). It has large papermills, wood-working industries, woolen-mills. foundries, etc. Pop., 1906, 2250.

LAC-INSECT. Any one of the several scaleinsects of the coccid genus Carteria, which secretes lac (q.v.). Carteria lacca, of Asia, secretes the gum lac or stick lac of commerce and is found upon fig-trees (Rhamnus, Croton and Butea). Carteria larrea, of the Southwestern United States and Mexico, feeds on the creosote-bush (Larrea Mexicana) and secretes quantities of lac, which, however, has not been commercially used. A third species (Carteria Mexicana) occurs in Mexico upon the mimosa, but its product has not been used in commerce. The body of the adult female is sac-like in form, with no legs, and is imbedded in a mass of lac. The anal end of the body is furnished with three prominent tubercles, of which one, the largest, is really the terminal segment of the body, each of the others bearing a perforated plate which is presumably the organ through which the lac is excreted. If a bit of commercial stick lac be examined, it will be found to consist of an incrustation, one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in thickness, upon small twigs. This incrustation is filled with elongated cells in each of which is the shriveled remains of the insect which originally filled the cell and determined its size and shape. The insect is of the shape of a jug with three necks, and each of the necks fits into a tubular opening from the cell and really forms a lac-tube, each being provided with a spiracle for breathing purposes. The females are viviparous, and the young, reddish in color and provided with functional legs, issue from one of the tubes, crawl out upon the twig and settle. The males, as with other scale-insects, become winged. The lac produced by Carteria larrea upon the creosote-bush is chemically identical with the commercial Asiatic product, but the masses produced by the individual insects are not crowded together as compactly, and pre

river of Pennsylvania. It rises in the northeastern corner of the State, and flows southwest through a narrow valley formed by the Shawnee and Moosie mountains, emptying, after a course of 50 miles, into the North Branch of the Susquehanna between Pittston and Wilkesbarre (Map: Pennsylvania, F 2). It derives its importance from the fact that its valley with its southwest continuation, known as the Wyoming Valley, contains the largest and most important anthracite coal beds in the United States. On the banks of the river are numerous cities and towns, the largest of which is Scranton, and the valley is filled with collieries, rolling-mills, blast-furnaces, and factories.

LACKEY-MOTH. A name given in England to a bombycid moth (Clisiocampa neustria) on account of the color and marking of its wings, which remind one of a lackey's livery. It is closely related to the American tent-caterpillars (q.v.).

LACLEDE, lå'klåd', PIERRE LIGUESTE. See LIGUESTE, PIERRE LACLEDE.

LACLOS, lå'klo', PIERRE AMBROISE FRANÇOIS CHODERLOS DE (1741-1803). A French novelist, best known as the author of Les liaisons dangereuses (1782), the most remarkable of many literary revelations of the moral dry-rot in the pre-Revolutionary French aristocracy.

LACOME D'ESTALEUX, lå’kôm' děs ́tå ́lē”, PAUL JEAN JACQUES (1838-). A French composer, born at Houga, Gers. Descended from a musical family, he early began to study music, and when nineteen years of age became a pupil, in composition, of José Puig y Absubide. In 1860 he went to Paris and, after having been a critic and journalist for a number of years, became one of that city's prominent composers. His music is not remarkable, but it is singularly melodious, and several of his operas, e.g. La nuit de la Saint-Jean (1882), went beyond the boundaries of France. His other successful operas include: Jeanne, Jeannette et Jeanneton (1876); Le cadeau de noces (1893); Le bain de Monsieur (1895); and Le maréchal Chaudron (1898).

LACON, la'kon. A city and the county-seat of Marshall County, Ill., 27 miles by rail north by east of Peoria; on the Illinois River and on the Chicago and Alton Railroad, and having bridge connection with the Rock Island Railroad at Sparland (Map: Illinois, C 2). It has a fine high-school building ($40,000) and a school library of 2500 volumes. There is a grain elevator, a woolen mill, a coal mine, marble works, and considerable grain trade. Population, 1900, 1601.

LA CONDAMINE, lå kôn'då'mên', CHARLES MARIE DE (1701-74). A French geographer and mathematician. He was born in Paris, passed an adventurous youth, and after serving in the army began to study science. As a chemist he made some reputation, and in 1731 traveled through

the Mediterranean, exploring the coasts of Africa and Asia, and making scientific collections. Having studied mathematics for the purpose, in 1735 he was sent by the Academy of Sciences, with Bouguer and others, to Peru, to measure a meridional arc on the equator to show more accurately the shape of the earth. He wrote: Distance of the Tropicks (1738); La figure de la terre (1749); Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'équateur (1751); and Mémoires sur l'innoculation (1754-65). His account of caoutchouc, published in 1751, caused the introduction of this valuable substance into Europe. He became a member of the Royal Society of London in 1748, and in 1760 of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. He promoted inoculation for smallpox, and urged the adoption as a universal measure of the length of a second pendulum at the equator.

LACO'NIA. An ancient geographical division

of Greece. See SPARTA.

LACONIA. A city and the county-seat of Belknap County, N. H., 102 miles by rail north of Boston, Mass.; between Lakes Winnesquam and Winnipiseogee, on both banks of the Winnipiseogee River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: New Hampshire, J 7). It is closely connected with other popular summer resorts of this lake region, is laid out with broad streets, and has opera-houses, a cottage hospital, and public library and park. The city is a prosperous manufacturing centre with car-shops, Îumber-mills, hosiery-mills, foundries, a paperbox factory, and manufactures of knitting-machinery, friction-clutches, etc.; its industries representing a capital of over $2,000,000, having an output valued at $3,000,000, and employing Population, in 1890, 6143; in

2000 persons. 1900, 8042.

LACORDAIRE, lå'kôr'dâr', JEAN BAPTISTE HENRI (1802-61). A distinguished French preacher and publicist, the restorer of the Dominican Order in France. He was born at Receysur-Ource, near Dijon, in which town he was educated, taking up ultimately the study of the law. When he went to practice in Paris, his studies of the evidences of Christianity gradually drew him away from the following of Rousseau, which had marked his earlier youth, and he decided to become a priest. He studied at the Seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained in 1827. He entered upon his work with zeal, but, meeting with discouragement, almost decided to accept the invitation of Bishop Dubois, of New York, to come to America as his vicargeneral. He had already come much under the influence of Lamennais (q.v.), and after the Revolution of 1830 threw himself enthusiastically into the work of the Avenir. Its editors, at his suggestion, founded a general agency for the defense of religious liberty,' as a practical support of their ideas; its most significant result was the winning of a moral victory for the cause of religious education. When the Avenir was condemned by Gregory XVI., Lacordaire submitted, and for a time withdrew from political affairs. He had gone to Rome with Lamennais, but he saw the logical consequence of his old master's position, and parted company with him finally at the end of 1832. Two years later he began a series of apologetic conférences which

laid the foundation of his fame as a preacher; such men as Chateaubriand, Berryer, and Hugo were already among his regular hearers. His lectures were suspended for a time, owing to the suspicion aroused by his former association with Lamennais; but in 1835 the Archbishop selected him as the Lent preacher at Notre Dame, where his sermons once more caused an extraordinary sensation, not less than six thousand people sometimes attending them. These courses of sermons lasted ten years, with two interruptions, the latter of which was caused by his decision to enter the monastic life. He defended the right of the Dominicans (the Order of his choice) to French citizenship in his Mémoire pour le rétablissement des Frères Prêcheurs en France (1839), and entered the Order a few weeks later. At the end of 1840 he returned to France in the Dominican habit, which had not been seen there for half a century. His Vie de Saint Dominique appeared at the same time, and he presently returned to Rome with ten more novices. In 1843 he was able to found at Nancy the first new house of the Order in France. He gave much of his time to preaching in various parts of France. In 1845 were delivered the eight conferences on the divinity of Jesus Christ, which Montalembert considered the greatest triumph of modern Christian oratory. He still maintained his interest in political affairs, and was chosen Deputy from Marseilles to the Assembly after the Revolution of 1848, but soon resigned. His health began to decline in 1854, and he withdrew to the Convent of Sorèze, still doing what he could for his cause. Thus, in 1860 he published his pamphlet, De la liberté de l'église et de l'Italie, in which he protested vigorously against the interference of Napoleon

III. with the States of the Church. In the same year he was elected to the French Academy, and made his last public address there, on his predecessor, De Tocqueville. He resigned his office as provincial of the Dominicans in August, 1861, and died on November 20. His works appeared in nine volumes (Paris, 1873 et seq.). Three supplementary volumes of sermons and addresses were published in 1884 et seq., and Lettres inédites in 1881. Consult lives by Montalembert (Paris, 1862), Foisset (2d ed., ib., 1874), Chocarne (8th ed., ib., 1894), Mrs. Sidney Lear (London, 1882), Greenwell (ib., 1877), D'Haussonville (Paris, 1895), Nicolas, Le père Lacordaire et le libéralisme (Toulouse, 1886); Fesch, Lacordaire journaliste (Paris, 1897); and many important letters in Correspondance de Lacordaire et de Madame Swetchine, ed. Falloux (4 vols., ib., 1865).

LACORDAIRE, JEAN THÉODORE (1801-70). A prominent French naturalist and traveler, brother of the preceding, best known for his entomological studies. He was born at Recey-surOurce, and broke off his legal studies at Dijon to devote himself to natural science. Between 1825 and 1832 he made four voyages to South America and one to Senegal, some account of which he gave in the Temps and the Revue des Deux Mondes. The chair of zoology at Liège was voted him in 1835, and in 1838 a professorship in comparative anatomy. He wrote: Introduction à l'entomologie (1834-47); Faune entomologique des environs de Paris (1835); and the great work on Coleoptera, Histoire naturelle des in