Three Lieutenants (1875), The Three Commanders (1876), The Three Admirals (1878), and Kidnapping in the Pacific (1879). Besides accounts of his own travels in Europe and America, he published books about noted explorers, Columbus, Captain Cook, Livingstone, and others; about the Kings and Queens of England (1876), and about other historical personages. KINGSTON-UPON-HULL. A town of England. See HULL.

těmz.

A

KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES, market-town in Surrey, England, on the Thames, three miles south of Richmond (Map: England, F 5). It has flour, cocoanut, fibre, and oil mills, brick and tile works, a free library, a recreation ground of 14 acres, and an endowed grammar school, founded in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The town owns a profitable market, which occupies the ground floor of the town hall; an electric lighting plant; and baths. Kingston is a favorite suburban residential district of Londoners. merous Roman remains have been discovered in the vicinity; during the Saxon period it was a place of importance. The name is said to be derived from a stone in the market-place upon which are inscribed the names of seven AngloSaxon kings who were crowned upon it, in the ancient chapel of Saint Mary's, which existed until 1779. Population, in 1891, 27,000; in 1901, 34,400.

Nu

KING STORK. In Esop's fables, the king sent by Jupiter to the frogs when they were dissatisfied with King Log. The term is used of a ruler whose government is destructive to his subjects.

KINGSTOWN. An important seaport and favorite watering-place of Ireland, on the south shore of Dublin Bay, 61⁄2 miles southeast of Dublin (Map: Ireland, E 3). At the visit of George IV. in September, 1821, its former name, Dunleary, was changed to Kingstown. It has a fine harbor, with an area of 250 acres. Vessels drawing 24 feet can discharge at the wharf at any state of the tide. The mail packets sail from Kingstown to Holyhead twice a day, and there is regular communication with the principal Irish and British seaports. Coal, iron, and timber are imported, and cattle, corn, lead ore, and granite are exported. Population, in 1891, 11,584; in

1901, 17,356.

KING'S YELLOW. A term applied to a pig ment which is a mixture of orpiment (tersulphide of arsenic) and arsenious acid. It is not a desirable color to use, as it is fugitive.

KING-TEH CHIN', or CHING-TÊ CHÊN (originally CH'ANG-NAN). A large and important town in the Chinese Province of Kiang-si, 85 miles southeast of Kiu-Kiang, and one of the Five Chin or great marts of the country (Map: China, E 6). It is specially noted for its great pot

al

teries and as the seat of the great porcelain manufactories, first established here in the reignperiod King-teh (1004-07), when it received its present name. It is situated along the Ch'ang-an River, in a small plain surrounded by mountains, which supply the kaolin, petuntse, and fuel required in its 3000 furnaces. It was taken by the Taiping rebels in 1855, and was most depopulated and the buildings destroyed during their stay, which lasted until 1864. The population is now estimated at 500,000. has a circuit of a mile, and consists of 72 buildImperial manufactory was rebuilt in 1866. It ings. The town itself is governed by a subprefect. The inhabitants are turbulent, and few foreigners can enter the place. Consult: Scidmore, China: The Long-Lived Empire (New York, 1900); Julien, Histoire et fabrication de la hurst, A Glance at the Interior of China (Lonporcelaine chinoise (Paris, 1856); and Med

don, 1850).

KING VULTURE. See CONDOR.

The

KING WILLIAM'S WAR. The name commonly given to that part of the struggle known in European history as the War of the League of Augsburg which was fought in America. From one point of view the War of the League of Augsburg was a war waged by the Grand Alliance against the ambitious schemes of Louis XIV. for the territorial aggrandizement of France in Europe; from another it was the first of a series of conflicts, sometimes called the 'Second Hundred Years' War,' between France and England for colonial supremacy. (See FRANCE; and LOUIS XIV.) In America the active operations of the war were begun by Frontenac, then Governor of New France, who in the winter of 1689-90 sent out three expeditions, composed of French and Indians, against the border towns of New York and New England. One of these expeditions surprised and destroyed the town of Schenectady, near Albany, and massacred or carried into captivity many of the inhabitants; another brought a like fate to the village of Salmon Falls in New Hampshire; the third took in Casco in southwestern Maine, and harried other settlements in northern New England. Aroused by the common danger, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York, by invitation of Jacob Leisler (q.v.), de facto Governor of New York, sent delegates to a colonial Congress, which met at New York in May, 1690, and discussed plans of attack and defense. The Congress determined to attempt the conquest of Canada, and planned expeditions both by sea and land. The land expedition, composed chiefly of troops from Connecticut and New York under Fitz John Winthrop, failed miserably; the main body got no farther than the head of Lake Champlain, though a small detachment pushed on and raided La Prairie, opposite Montreal. The fleet, under command of Sir William Phipps, who earlier in the year had in Acadia, appeared before Quebec in October, led a successful expedition against Port Royal 1690; but, owing to the failure of the English land expedition, the French were able to garrison the town with so strong a force that the English attack was easily repulsed. Phipps then gave up the attempt, and with forces much diminished by disease and shipwreck returned home. The remainder of the war consisted chiefly of border raids, by which much suffering was inflicted without any substantial results being gained by

either side. The struggle was brought to a close in 1697 by the Peace of Ryswick. By its terms Louis XIV. gave up, with a few exceptions, all the conquests he had made in Europe since 1678, and recognized William III. as King of Great Britain, while there was to be a mutual restitution in America of all conquered territory. Consult: Parkman, Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV. (Boston, 1877); Drake, The Border Wars of New England, Commonly Called King William's and Queen Anne's Wars (New York, 1897); and Myrand, Sir William Phipps devant Québec (Quebec, 1893).

KIN'IC, or QUIN'IC, ACID (from Quichua kina, quina, bark, quinine), CH12O6. A substance allied to benzoic acid, and occurring in cinchona bark, the coffee-bean, and other vegetable products. It is soluble in water and crystallizes in large colorless prisms.

KINK'AJOU (probably local native name), or POTTO. A South American tropical carnivore (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) of the raccoon family (Procyonidae), formerly classed with lemurs on account of its woolly aspect, monkey-like dexterity, and strong prehensile tail. Its body is about 18 inches long, and its tail 12 inches; and it is clothed in soft fur, uniform yellowish-brown in color, giving it a lemur-like prettiness, which, with its tamability, makes the little animal an attractive pet. It feeds on the eggs and young of birds, small animals, insects, honey and bees, fruits, and the like; and uses its fore paws with a deftness almost equal to that of a monkey. It

is found from Central Mexico to Southern Brazil.

KINKEL, kin'kel, GOTTFRIED (1815-82). A German poet and art critic. He was born at Oberkassel, near Bonn, August 11, 1815, studied theology at Bonn, and was for some time a distinguished Protestant preacher. He lectured at various times, beginning with 1836, in the University of Bonn, first on ecclesiastical history and later on poetry and the history of art. Becoming involved in the revolutionary movements of 1848, he was imprisoned in the fortress of Spandau, whence, however, he escaped, with the assistance of Carl Schurz. Kinkel then came to America, but soon after returned to London, where he resided as a public teacher. He died at Zurich, November 13, 1882. His principal works are two volumes of Gedichte (1843, 7th ed. 1872); Otto der Schütz, eine rheinische Geschichte in zwölf Abenteuern (1846, 73d ed. 1894), a narrative poem; Die altchristliche Kunst (1845), which forms the first part of the unfinished Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den christlichen Völkern; Die Ahr, Landschaft, Geschichte und Volksleben (1845); Nimrod, ein Trauerspiel (1857); Mosaik zur Kunstgeschichte (1876); Tanagra, Idyll aus Griechenland (1883).-Kinkel's wife, JOHANNA KINKEL, born at Bonn, July 8. 1810, a distinguished musician, wrote Acht Briefe über den Clavierunterricht (1852); and together with her husband, Erzählungen (1849). She died in London, November 15, 1858. Her

novel, Hans Ibeles in London, was published posthumously.

KIN'LEY, DAVID (1861-). An American economist, born in Dundee, Scotland. He graduated in 1884 at Yale, studied in the University of Wisconsin, and afterwards became professor of economics in the University of Illinois. His publications include: The Independent Treasury of valuable report on The Use of Credit Paper in the United States (1893); Money (1904), and a Our Currency, published in the Report of the Comptroller of the Currency for 1896.

KIN'NEY, COATES (1826-1904). An American journalist and poet, born at Kinney's Corners, N. Y., November 24, 1826. He was educated at Antioch College, Ohio, but did not graduate. He was admitted to the bar (1856) and became connected editorially with journals in Xenia and Cincinnati, Ohio, Springfield, Ill., and elsewhere. He served in the Civil War as major and paymaster, and was active in Ohio Republican politics, being a Senator in the State Legislature (1882-83). His verses were collected in Ke-u-ka and Other Poems (1855) and Lyrics of the Ideal and the Roof," as set to music was widely popular. Real (1888). One of his lyrics, "Rain on the

KINNEY, WILLIAM BURNET (1799-1880). An American politician and diplomat, born in Speedwell, N. J. He studied law after graduating at Princeton, became an editor in Newark, where he founded the Advertiser, and was a prominent

Whig. In 1851 he went to Turin as Minister to Sardinia. There and in Florence, where he lived for some time after the close of his mission, he worked on a history of Tuscany, which was not completed. He married, in 1841, ELIZABETH CLEMENTINE STEDMAN (1810-89), a sister of William E. Dodge and mother of Edmund C. Stedman. She was born in New York City, wrote for the Knickerbocker and for Blackwood's, and during her fourteen years' stay in Europe was a friend of the Brownings. She published Felicita, a Metrical Romance (1855); Poems (1867); and Bianca Capello, a Tragedy (1873).

A

KIN'NOR (Heb. kinnor, harp, lyre). musical instrument of the ancient Hebrews; similar to the zither or harp, and provided with 32 strings.

KINO (apparently of East Indian origin). The concrete exudation of certain tropical trees, especially the Pterocarpus marsupium (natural order Leguminosa), growing in the East Indies, which yields 'East Indian kino.' East Indian kino is the kind which now chiefly occurs in commerce, and is the ordinary kino or gum kino of the shops. It is in small angular glistening fragments, the smaller reddish, the larger almost black. Thin pieces are ruby-red. It is brittle and easily powdered, has no smell, but a very astringent taste. Bengal kino is a similar astringent substance, produced by Butea frondosa. 'Botany Bay kino' is the produce of Eucalyptus resinifera.

Kino is soluble in alcohol, but very sparingly soluble in ether and in cold water. Its chief constituents are: Kinotannic acid, CHO; pyrocatechin, CH,(OH); and kino red, a product of oxidation of kinotannic acid. The astringency of kino is mainly due to its containing kinotannic acid, and in consequence of this property it is employed in medicine in certain forms of

diarrhoea (especially when a flux seems to be kept up by want of tone in the intestinal capillaries), the best mode of prescribing it being as compound kino powder, which is a mixture of kino, cinnamon, and opium, the dose for an adult ranging from ten grains to a scruple. The medicinal tincture of kino forms an excellent gargle for the relaxation of the uvula; it contains kino, glycerin, alcohol, and water. Kino is employed to a considerable extent in the East Indies as a cotton-dye, giving to the cotton the yellowish-brown color known as nankeen.

KINROSS'-SHIRE'.

The second smallest county of Scotland, lying between the counties of Perth and Fife (Map: Scotland, E 3). Area, 82 square miles. It is well cultivated; coal occurs at Lochgelly. Capital, Kinross. Population, in 1801, 6700; in 1851, 9000; in 1891, 6673; in 1901, 6981.

KINSALE'. A seaport town and summer resort of County Cork, Ireland, picturesquely situated at the head of Kinsale Harbor, on the Bandon estuary, 14 miles southwest of Cork (Map: Ireland, C5). It is partly built on the slope of Compass Hill, and has steep, irregular streets. It dates from the Norse invasion; the chief event of its long and interesting history was its capture by the Spaniards in 1601, and the two months' siege they sustained in 1602 before yielding to the English. Population, in 1901, 4250.

KIN'STON. A town and the county-seat of Lenoir County, N. C., 77 miles by rail southeast of Raleigh; on the Neuse River, and on the Atlantic Coast Line and the Atlantic and North

Carolina railroads (Map: North Carolina, E 2). It has the Rhodes Military Institute. The city is surrounded by a productive agricultural section, largely devoted to cotton and tobacco cultivation, and is an important tobacco market with several large warehouses, packing estab lishments, stemmeries, etc. There are also cotton-mills, carriage and wagon works, a turpentine distillery, foundry and machine-shops, lumber-mills, knitting-mills, and manufactures of boxes, barrels, shingles, etc. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned by the municipality. Pop., 1900, 4106; 1905 (local est.), 8015. KINTYRE, kin-tir'. A peninsula in Scot

land. See CANTIRE.

KINZIE, kinʼzi, JOHN (1763-1828). An American pioneer, born in the city of Quebec, Canada. He was placed at a very early age in straitened circumstances by the death of his father, left his home when a boy of ten, and went to New York City. After a wandering life, during which he traded with the Indians in the West and Middle West, he finally settled in Illinois on the site of the city of Chicago, where he built a trading station, the first permanent settlement of a white man at that point. Consult Kinzie, Wau-bun, or the Early Day in the Northwest (New York, 1856).

KIOTO, kê-ō'to (Chin., capital), or KYOTO, also called MIAKO, MIYAKO, SAIKIO, SAIKYO. One of the three fu cities of Japan, and the capital of the country from the year 794 until 1868, when the shogunate was abolished, and the Mikado and his Court removed to Yedo (Tokio).

The city stands on the island of Hondo, in latitude 35° N., and longitude 135° 30′ E., in a fertile plain, bordered on three sides by moderately

The

high mountains, near the centre of the Province of Yamashiro. It is 47 miles by rail from Kobe via Osaka on the coast, and 329 from Tokio (Map: Japan D 6), and is also connected by rail with Tsuruga on the Sea of Japan on the north, and westward 302 miles with Shimonoseki (q.v.), where the island of Hondo approaches Kiushiu. The city, which is unwalled, is traversed from north to south by the Kamogawa, which divides it into two unequal parts. The larger and more important part lies along the right bank of the river, the wide shingly bed of which is nearly dry except in the rainy season. smaller and more picturesque part, where are found most of the hotels patronized by foreigners, rises gradually from the left bank to the wooded steeper slopes and spurs of the range of mountains, where many of the more famous temples and places of interest are situated. In general the plan of the city differs but little from that of 794, which Kuwammu, its founder, called Hei-an-jo, the city of peace.' It is about four one-half in breadth, and is laid out with mathemiles in length from north to south, and two and matical regularity. The streets are wide, well In the northeast part kept, neat, and clean.

is the Go-Sho or 'Imperial Palace,' which with its fine gardens, in true Japanese taste, covers 26 acres. The buildings are of wood, and are characterized by a certain quiet elegance which is peculiarly Japanese. They contain many fine paintings by Japanese artists, and much fine carving. To the southwest of this is the Nijo, the castle of the Shogun, built in 1601, and now the seat of the city government. Though one of centre, and temples and shrines abound. Shinto the gayest of cities, Kioto is a great religious (q.v.) claims 93, and Buddhism about 950. In the southern part of the city are the Eastern and Western Hongwan-ji, the headquarters of the Shin sect, whose temples are noted for their great size, their magnificence, and their accessibility. On the eastern hills are many fine temples, such as the Chi-on-in and the San-ju-san-gen-Do. In this neighborhood is also found a large mound -the Mimidzuka-containing the ears and noses of the Koreans slain in the wars of Hideyoshi (1592-98). To the northeast of the Imperial palace on the way to Otsu, at a height of 2000 feet, and overlooking Lake Biwa, are the famous Buddhist monasteries of Hiyci-zan, founded about A.D. 800, and intended originally to shield the palace from the evil influences of the north.

Kioto is the centre of many art industries. Here the finest silks, crapes, velvet, brocades, and embroideries, porcelain, cloisonné enameled ware, bronzes, etc., are produced, the manufacture giving employment to thousands of skilled hands. Much Satsuma and other ware is brought here to be decorated. Under the city government is an industrial department for the promotion of the industrial arts, established in 1870, which includes experimental gardening, an experimental farm, a weaving department where foreign looms are used, a physical and chemical department, a female industrial school, a pauper industrial school, a shoemaking establishment, etc. Kioto is the seat of an Imperial university, with colleges of law, medicine, and engineering, and under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is a college of good standing called the Doshisha, where theology is also taught. There are many schools, in

cluding five of the higher middle schools, and a training college for teachers. Population, in 1898, 353,139; in 1903, 380,568.

KIOWA, kẽ'ô-wå. An important Plains tribe, apparently constituting a distinct linguistic stock. The popular name is a corruption of Ka-i-gwй, the name by which they call themselves. According to their own traditions, which are borne out by those of other tribes, they at one time lived in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana on the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. From this position they moved out into the plains and formed an alliance with the Crow, for whom they still entertain a friendly feeling. Following the buffalo herds and pressed by the Sioux and Cheyenne, they moved southward, halting for a time in the Black Hills, then making their camps upon the Platte, and later still upon the upper Arkansas. Here they first came into contact with the Comanche farther to the south, with whom they carried on war for some time. Since 1790 these tribes have acted as confederates. At a later period the Kiowa made peace with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe. They were noted as one of the most hostile and unruly tribes of the plains, and maintained almost constant warfare along the American and Mexican frontiers until the great Treaty of Medicine Lodge, Kansas, in 1867, when, with the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache, they consented to give up their free range and come upon reservations in what is now Oklahoma. They were slow to move, however, and it required a winter campaign by Custer the next year to bring them in. In 1874 they again broke out, together with most of the other four tribes, but were subdued the next year by Mackenzie, who shot their ponies, confiscated their arms, and deported a number of their chiefs and warriors to Florida. Since then they have remained quietly upon their reservation, which was thrown open by treaty in 1901, so that they are now in law American citizens. The majority now occupy houses and wear civilized dress, instead of the tipi and G-string, the change having come within the past few years. In other respects they retain most of their primitive customs and habit of thought. Their great annual ceremony was the sun dance (q.v.), and their great tribal palladium was the Taimé, a stone image somewhat resembling a human figure. They did not have the clan system, but were subdivided into six recognized bands, and had a well-organized military order of six degrees. They have also a pictograph calendar running back some seventy years. Associated with them, and constituting one of the six bands of their tribal circle, is a small tribe of Athapascan stock, locally known as Kiowa-Apache. The term is a misnomer, however, excepting as it indicates the remote stock affinity; for these people, who call themselves Nadiishan-dína, have come down along the plains, and have no tradition of a time when they were not associated with the Kiowa. The greatest strength of the Kiowa at any time within a century was probably less than 1800. They number now about 1100, while the Kiowa-Apache number 160.

Consult Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," in Seventeenth Report of Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, 1898).

KIP, LEONARD (1826-1906). An American author, born in New York, and educated at Trinity

College, Hartford. He studied law and long prac ticed in Albany where he was for ten years president of the institute. Besides contributing to periodicals, he published California Sketches (1850); Volcano Diggings (1851); Ænone (1866); The Dead Marquise (1873); Hannibal's War (1878); Under the Bells (1879); and Nestlenook (1880).

law.

An

KIP, WILLIAM INGRAHAM (1811-93). American bishop of the Episcopal Church. He was born in New York City, of Breton ancestry; graduated at Yale in 1831, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1835, after studying He was rector of Saint Peter's, Albany, from 1838 to 1853, and in the latter year was chosen missionary bishop of California, where he became bishop four years after. Among his works are: The Lenten Fast (1843); Early Jesuit Missions in North America (1846); The Catacombs of Rome (1854); The Olden Time in New York (1872), The Church and the Apostles (1877); Double Witness of the Church (1904). KIPCHAK, kip-chäk'. A Mongol khanate. See KIPTCHAK.

KIPLING, (JOSEPH) RUDYARD (1865-). An English fiction-writer and poet. He was born in Bombay, December 30, 1865, the son of John Lockwood Kipling, who was for many years connected with the schools of art at Bombay and Lahore, in India. His mother, Alice Macdonald, was the daughter of a Methodist clergyman at Endon, Staffordshire. At the age of five, Kipling was brought to England, and in 1878 he entered the United Service College, at Westward Ho, Devonshire, editing while there the College Chronicle, for which he wrote verse and prose. On his school life he drew freely for the incidents narrated in Stalky & Co. (1899). Returning to India, he joined the editorial staff of the Lahore Civil and Military Gazette (1882-1887), and Pioneer at Allahabad (1887-1889). To these and other papers he contributed satirical verses and sketches of Anglo-Indian life. Schoolboy Lyrics (1881) was followed by Echoes (1884), Departmental Ditties (1886), and Plain Tales from the Hills (1888). The last two represent the best of his early work in verse and prose. In 1888 he published, at Allahabad: Soldiers Three, The Gadsbys, In Black and White, Under the Deodars, The Phantom Rickshaw and Other Tales, and Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories.

afterwards became assistant editor of the

Having now become well known in India, Kipling visited England and the United States in search of a publisher, but failed at first. His impressions of America, originally contributed to York, under the title American Notes (1891). the Pioneer, were afterwards published in New In 1890 Kipling, then in London, suddenly found himself famous. Since then his vogue has been extraordinary. In 1892 he married the daughter of H. Wolcott Balestier of New York City, and settled in Vermont, where he remained till 1896. To this second period of his life belong Life's Handicap; The Light That Failed (1891); Barrack-Room Ballads (1892); The Naulahka, written in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier, Kipling's brother-in-law (1892); Many Inventions (1893); the two Jungle Books (1894-1895); The Seven Seas (1896); and Captains Courageous (1897). Kipling was again in the United States in 1899, when he suffered from a severe illness. In the same year he visited the scene of war in South