FIG. 3. BRICK AND BRICK-LINED IRON OR STEEL LIME-KILNS.

packed in fire-clay boxes called saggers, and these are piled up in stacks called bungs in the kiln, an average kiln holding forty or fifty bungs. The kilns are usually built on the "down-draught" principle. Forty or fifty hours are usually necessary for the first firing of the pottery, and as many more are allowed for it to cool off. Stonewarekilns are slightly different in construction, open shelves taking the place of the saggers. They are generally very large, and the whole process of burning requires from 7 to 14 days. The upper parts of these stoneware-kilns are often used for burning terra-cotta or unglazed wares. tery-kilns are usually in the form of a tall cylinder of various dimensions, from 15 to 30 feet in diameter, 15 to 20 feet high, and terminated by a truncated cone of about two-thirds the

height of the cylindrical part.

Pot

TERRA-COTTA KILNS are generally of the beehive, down-draught style. Heat is applied for 10 to 14 days, at a temperature of about 2300 degrees

FIG. 4. ELEVATION AND SECTION OF TERRA-COTTA KILN.

Fahrenheit, producing a white heat in the clay and the formation of an effervescence of alkaline salts, which, with the silicates, produce a vitrified coating. The forgoing applies to face and forms of ornamental terra-cotta. Porous terra-cotta tiles (see TILES) are burned for a much shorter

period, the sawdust mixed with clay being consumed during the process. Sewer-pipe is generally burned in round, down-draught kilns, the process requiring from five to seven days.

ROASTING KILNS are used for expelling moisture, bituminous matter, carbonic acid, and sulphur from iron ore, by burning fuel either solid or gaseous in contact with the ore. This kiln, of a capacity up to 600 tons each, consists of a cylindrical brick-lined sheet-iron casing converging at the bottom. When gas-fired there is a central down-draught flue for the escape of the waste gases, the roasting being accomplished in the narrow annular space. The operation is continuous. The Gjer kiln is an example of this type using solid fuel, and the Davis-Colby ore roaster of those using gaseous fuel. Consult the annual issues of The Mineral Industry of the United States (New York), and the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (New York), for the prevailing practice in various industries in which kilns are used.

KILO- (from Gk. xo, chilioi, thousand). A prefix meaning one thousand, and employed in the metric system to denote that the given magnitude is one thousand times larger than the funda

mental unit.

Thus a kilometer is 1000 meters, a kilogram 1000 grams, etc. Kilo is also employed as an abbreviated form of kilogram.

KILOWATT (from Gk. xo, chilioi, thousand Eng. watt, from the Scotch engineer James Watt). One thousand watts: a unit of power. See WATT; ELECTRICAL UNITS.

KILPATRICK, HUGH JUDSON (1836-81). An American soldier, one of the most brilliant cavalry leaders on the Federal side in the Civil War. He was born near Deckertown, N. J., graduated at West Point in 1861, and on May 9 Fifth New York Volunteers, generally known as entered the Federal service as captain in the Bethel on June 10, was engaged in organizing a Duryea's Zouaves. He was wounded at Big regiment of cavalry in August, and on September

25 became lieutenant-colonel of the Second New

York Cavalry. From 1862 to 1864 he took a prominent part in nearly all the cavalry operations connected with the campaigns of the Army of Virginia and the Army of the Potomac, making innumerable raids and gathering information of Confederate movements. In one of his raids in 1863 he covered more than 200 miles in less than five days, fought skirmishes daily, and during this time captured and paroled more than 800 prisoners, with a loss to himself of only one officer and thirty-seven men. In the second battle of Bull Run, and afterwards in the battle of Gettysburg, he served with conspicuous gallantry. In December, 1862, he was promoted to be colonel, and in June, 1863, to be brigadiergeneral, United States Volunteers, while he received the brevet of major and lieutenant-colonel in the Regular Army for gallantry at Aldie, Va., and Gettysburg, respectively. In March, 1864, he participated in a celebrated raid toward Richmond and down the Virginia Peninsula, and in April was placed in command of a division of cavalry in the Army of the Cumberland, then engaged, under Sherman, in the invasion of Georgia. He was wounded at Resaca, but recovered in time to do efficient service in guarding Sherman's communications. At the close of the

war he was brevetted brigadier-general in the Regular Army for 'gallant and meritorious services in the capture of Fayetteville, N. C.,' and major-general for his services during the campaign in the Carolinas, and in June, 1865, attained the regular rank of major-general of volunteers. He resigned his commission in the Regular Army in December, 1865, and his commission in the volunteer service in January, 1866, and from December, 1865, to August, 1868, was United States Minister to Chile, a position which he again held from June, 1881, until his death at Santiago, in December. Consult Moore, Kilpatrick and Our Country (New York, 1865). KILUNG. KELUNG.

A seaport in Formosa.

KILWA KIVINJE, kēl'wȧ kê-vēn'yâ, or QUILOA, keld-ä. A seaport town of German East Africa, situated 180 miles south of Zanzibar (Map: Congo Free State, G 4). It has a custom-house and a spacious roadstead much frequented by merchant vessels; its trade is considerable. The town is supplied with water from a reservoir; its sanitary condition, which was formerly bad, has greatly improved. Population, in 1901, 8000. Kilwa Kivinje has supplanted the town of Kilwa Kisiwani, situated on an island 17 miles to the south. The latter is now almost abandoned, but during the Arab domination it was a flourishing port for the East African slave trade.

KILWINʼNING. A town in Ayrshire, Scotland, 31⁄2 miles northeast of Irvine (Map: Scotland, D 4). It is the seat of a large engineering and fire-clay works, a woolen factory, numerous coal-pits, and the Eglinton Iron-works. The parish church, built in 1775, occupies part of the site of the famous Abbey of Kilwinning, founded in 1140. The town is noted as the birthplace of freemasonry in Scotland, and until the institution of the Grand Lodge in 1736 all other lodges in Scotland received their charters from 'Mother Kilwinning.' Population, in 1891, 3835; in 1901, 4439. About a mile and a half to the southeast stands Eglinton Castle, the scene of the famous Eglinton Tournament in 1839.

KIM BALL, ARTHUR LALANNE (1856-). An American physicist, born at Succesanna Plains, N. J. He graduated in 1881 at Princeton, and in 1884 at the Johns Hopkins University, where he remained as one of the faculty until his call to Amherst. In 1883-84, under the general direction of Professor Rowland (q.v.) of the Johns Hopkins, and by appropriation made by the United States Government, he made a valuable series of experiments for the determination of the unit of electric resistance. His writings include the Physical Properties of Gases (1890).

KIMBALL, HEBER CHASE (1801-68). A prominent Mormon leader and priest. He was born at Sheldon, Vermont, and was the son of a blacksmith. He was baptized into the Church of the Latter-Day Saints in 1832; was shortly afterwards ordained an elder by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church; and in 1835 became one of the Twelve Apostles.' In 1837, and again in 1840, he went as a missionary to England, where he made many converts. In 1846 he was made head priest of the Order of Melchizedek; in 1847 was chosen as one of Brigham Young's counselors; and in 1849 became Chief Justice and Lieu

on the

KIMBALL, MARTHA GERTRUDE (1840-94). An American philanthropist, born in Portland, Maine. She accompanied her husband, who was appraiser of captured cotton, to the front in the Civil War; acted as nurse during Sherman's campaign in Georgia; and was appointed inspector of hospitals. Acting on her suggestion, General Logan, as head of the Grand Army of the Republic, introduced the observation of Decoration Day.

KIMBALL, RICHARD BURLEIGH (1816-92). An American essayist and novelist. He was born in Plainfield, N. H., and educated at Dartmouth College, went to Paris in 1836 after two years' study of law, and upon his return practiced successfully in Waterford, N. Y., and in New York City. From 1854 until 1860 he was president of the Galveston and Houston Railroad, which he had projected, the first railroad built in the State of Texas. The most important of his varied writings, which include novels, essays, and books of travel, are: Letters from Europe (1842); Saint Leger, or the Threads of Life (1850); Cuba and the Cubans (1850); Romance of Student Life Abroad (1853); Undercurrents of Wall Street (1861); Was He Successful? (1863); The Prince of Kashna (1864); Henry Powers, Banker (1868); To-Day in New York (1870); and Stories of Exceptional Life (1887).

KIMBALL, SUMNER INCREASE (1834-). The organizer of the United States life-saving service. He was born at Lebanon, Maine; graduated from Bowdoin in 1855, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. In 1859 he was elected to the Maine Legislature, and in 1861 became a clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington. He was placed in charge of the revenue marine service in 1871, and, by thorough reorganization, greatly increased the efficiency of the life-saving service. In 1878 this service was organized into a separate bureau, with Mr. Kimball at its head, and under his direction was extended to the Pacific Coast and the Great Lakes. He served also as acting Register and acting Comptroller of the Treasury. He is the author of Organization and Methods of the United States LifeSaving Service.

KIMBERLEY, kimber-li. A town of Cape Colony, South Africa, the capital of Griqualand West, near the frontier of the Orange River Colony, 540 miles by rail northeast of Cape Town, and nearly 4,000 feet above the sea (Map: Cape Colony, J 5). It has fine public buildings, a free library, botanical gardens, a good system of water-works supplied from the Vaal River, and is lighted by electricity. Kimberley, founded in 1871, owes its existence to the extensive diamond-mines situated in its vicinity. It is one of the chief seats of this valuable industry, and is also an important intermediate trading station between Cape Colony and the interior of Africa. During the South African War Kimberley was defended by the British troops under Colonel Kekewich, and from October 15, 1899, withstood a siege of 122 days by the Boers until relieved by General French on February 15, 1900. Population, in 1881, 13,600; in 1891, 28,718, including 12,658 whites; in 1904, 34,331 (13,556 whites). KIMBERLEY. The northern division of Western Australia, area, 144,000 square miles, fertile and pastoral where watered by the Ord and Fitzroy rivers; and in the region of the gold fields, discovered in 1882.

KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, Earl of (1826-1902). An English statesman, born in

London. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; succeeded his grandfather as third Baron Wodehouse before he had attained his majority, and twenty years afterwards was made Earl of Kimberley. He entered public life in 1852, as Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a position he held until 1861, with an intermission of a Russian embassy (1856-58). In 1863 he was an envoy to Copenhagen in connection with the Schleswig-Holstein affair, and in 1864 was appointed Under Secretary at the India Office. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1864-66) under Lord John Russell, and Gladstone made him Lord Privy Seal (1868-70) and Secretary of State for the Colonies (1870-74 and 1880-82). He was Secretary of State for India in 1882-86, and again in .892-94, until appointed Foreign Secretary in Lord Rosebery's Cabinet (1894-95). In 1892 he was appointed Lord President of the Council, in 1897 led the Liberal opposition in the House of Lords, and in 1899 was made chancellor of London University.

KIMCHI, kim'kê. A family of Hebrew scholars of the Middle Ages. The most famous member of the family is DAVID KIMCHI (generally quoted by the initials of his name, RaDaK-i.e. Rabbi David Kimchi), who was born at Narbonne about 1160, and lived until about 1235. His achievements were chiefly in the field of biblical exegesis and Hebrew grammar. His merit lies not in originality, but in the excellence of his compilations, in consequence of which his works exercised a great influence upon his successors. In his grammatical exposition he follows largely Ibn Janach (q.v.), but he wrote exclusively in Hebrew. His grammar and lexicon have appeared in many editions. His commentaries are still widely used among the Jews. They were among the first to be printed in the so-called Rabbinical Bibles, containing the Hebrew text with selected commentaries. The most important of them is a commentary on the prophetical books. A new edition of his commentary on the Psalms was begun by Schiller-Szinessy, but only

the first part appeared (Cambridge, 1882). An edition of his commentary on Genesis appeared at Pressburg in 1842. In the great Maimonides controversy (see MAIMONIDES) Kimchi was on the side of Maimonides. Consult Tauber, Standpunkt und Leistung des R. David Kimchi als Grammatiker (Breslau, 1867).—Kimchi's father, JOSEPH (flourished 1150-70), gave the impetus to Jewish culture in Southern France, whither he emigrated from Spain. He wrote biblical commentaries and grammatical treatises. Of his commentaries there have been preserved only those on Proverbs and Job, which have been published, and a commentary on the Song of Songs, which is unpublished. His grammatical works have been edited by Bacher and Matthews (Berlin, 1888).-David's older brother, MOSES (flourished 1170-90), also engaged in studies similar to those of his father and brother. A compendium of Hebrew grammar compiled by him enjoyed great popularity by reason of its simplicity and brevity, and was published in a number of editions. It first appeared in 1508. The edition of 1546 (Venice) was published by Elias Levita, who added a commentary that has since then generally appeared in the editions of the gram

mar.

Of his biblical commentaries (marked by brevity and dryness) only those to Job, Proverbs,

and Ezra and Nehemiah are known.

KIMPOLUNG, kêm'pô-lung. A town of Rumania. See CAMPULUNG.

kindred; connected with OIr. cine, Lat. genus, KIN (AS. cynn, Goth. kuni, OHG. chunni, Gk. yévos, Lith. gamas, Skt. jana, race, kind, American law, those who are so related by ties from jan, to beget), NEXT of. In English and of consanguinity to a decedent as to be entitled to share in the distribution of his personal estate. The phrase does not, therefore, comprehend all who may be entitled to participate under statutes of distribution, as a wife, who is not of her husties of blood, but only those whose blood-relationband's kin; nor all those who are related by ship is in the next order of consanguinity to the decedent. Next of kin are also to be distinguished from heirs, or those in the order of consanguinity to whom the real property of an intestate will pass by descent. These are, indeed, always next of kin, but they do not necessarily include all who answer that description. By the common-law canons of descent, under which the male descendant is preferred to the female, and, among males of equal degree, the eldest to those who are younger, a single member of the class constituting the next of kin may become the sole heir. In the United States, however, where those rules have been abolished, the next of kin are generally the same as the heirs at law. See ADMINISTRATION: CONSANGUINITY; DESCENT; DISTRIBUTION; HEIR.

KIN'CAID, EUGENIO (1798-1883). An American missionary, born at Westfield, Conn. He was educated at Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution, now Colgate University, and subsequently held charges at Galway, N. Y., and Milton, Pa. His missionary career began in 1830 with his appointment to Burma, and his stations in that field were Rangoon, Ava, and Prome. After twelve years in Burma, he returned to the United States, and until 1854 labored faithfully and efficiently to create more interest in foreign missionary work. In 1854 he

returned to Burma, and resumed his duties at Prome until his wife's ill health compelled him to come back to America. Consult Patton, The Hero Missionary (New York, 1858).

KINCARDINE, kin-kär'din. A port of entry in Bruce County, Ontario, Canada, on Lake Huron, 74 miles southwest of Collingwood (Map: Ontario, B 3). It has important salt-works, manufactures, and a thriving shipping trade in lumber and agricultural produce. Population, in 1891, 2631; in 1901, 2077.

KINCARDINESHIRE, or THE MEARNS. A maritime county in the northeast division of Scotland, with Aberdeenshire and the Dee on the north, Forfarshire and the North Esk on the south and west, and the North Sea on the east (Map: Scotland, F 3). Area, 381 square miles, or 244,000 acres, of which 121,000 are in cultivation. It is traversed by the Grampians. Chief towns, Stonehaven, the capital, Banchory, Inverbervie, and Laurencekirk. Population, in 1801, 26,350; in 1851, 34,600; in 1891, 35,492; in

1900, 40,900.

KINCHAS'SA. A station of Congo Free State. See LEOPOLDVILLE.

KIN'CHINJIN'GA. A mountain peak of the Himalayas. See KUNCHINJINGA.

KIN-CHOW, or NANSHAN, BATTLE OF. See RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.

KIND, kint, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1768-1843). A German poet, dramatist, and romancer, born in Leipzig. He began in 1793 the practice of law in Dresden, but abandoned it in 1814 to devote himself exclusively to literary work. With Winkler he edited the Abendzeitung from 1817 to 1826. His poems (5 vols., 1808) are weakly sentimental, but his tales and novels appealed to many readers. He is, however, best remembered for his Das Nachtlager von Granada (music by Kreutzer), Der Holzdieb (music by Marschner), and Der Frieschütz, imperishable through Weber's famous composition.

KINDERGARTEN, kin'der-gär'ten (Ger., children's garden). A school for children from the third or fourth to the seventh year, suggested and organized by Friedrich Fröbel (q.v.), through which the natural activity of the child in play is so organized as to assist in the physical, mental, and moral development. Fröbel first grasped the significance of the idea of evolution in its application to education, and saw the importance of the earlier stages. To him education was a setting free of the powers inherent in the individual. By an organization of the child's instinctive tendency to action, through gradual, continuous exercises, his best tendencies can be strengthened, and at the same time he can acquire a certain preliminary knowledge of the world of nature and man around him. Thus the child gains control over his own being, develops power of thought, self-control, accuracy of senseperception, and a tendency toward an active intellectual life.

Fröbel was a close student of child life. Hence his suggestion of means and methods for the kindergarten work were based on accurate knowledge of child nature, and have been of permanent value. The mere play instinct alone would not suffice, but the plays and games must be selected and organized. Fröbel classified the material to be so used as gifts and occupations.

The kindergarten is a new social institution for the child, in which he has free scope to be himself while being also one of a community of equals toward whom he must observe his duties and accept the responsibility of his part in the whole. The gifts and the occupations are there introduced gradually and in a logical order. As he becomes familiar with the properties of the one he is led on to the next, which properly grows out of the first, each introducing new impressions and repeating the old.

woolen balls, three of the primary and three of The first gift is composed of six rubber or the secondary colors. The ball is chosen as the simplest type form, from which may be derived all other forms, as embodying the element of constancy and unity. Through the balls the idea of comparison is introduced, and sensation and perception become clearer and stronger through the similarity, contrast, and discrimination made possible by the almost innumerable exercises and ball, cylinder, and cube, carries impressions games. The second gift, comprising a wooden further, and offers not only in itself, but also with the first gift, a strong illustration of contrasts and their connections. In shape, in material, in hardness, in color, etc., it contrasts with its predecessor, but is like it in the common shape of the balls. With the third gift, consisting of a wooden cube cut once in each dimension to form eight smaller cubes, begins the first impression of a whole divisible into similar parts. Here, too, are the first steps in number, in analysis of construction, the first suggestion, in the gifts, of the relation of the individual to the whole, and of the need of every perfect part to form a perfect unit. With the use of this gift the child accustoms himself to regularity, care, precision, beauty. The fourth gift, a cube like that of the third, but cut once horizontally and twice vertically into eight rectangular parallelograms, introduces especially the new element of a whole composed of parts unlike itself. The fifth and sixth gifts are but extensions of the third and fourth, with more material and differing forms of solids. The seventh gift consists of quadrangular and triangular tablets of cardboard or thin wood, giving

a basis for studies in surfaces and colors. The eighth and ninth gifts are introductory to drawing, and consist of small strips of laths and of rings and circles in cardboard, which can be ar ranged into all sorts of patterns.

The development of Fröbelian principles has caused much more stress to be placed upon the occupations than upon the use of the gifts. These occupations are, modeling in clay and in cardboard, and, later, wood-carving, or sloyd; paper-folding, in two and three dimensions; paper-cutting, paper mosaic, and work with the color-brush; mat-plaiting, slat-weaving, paperweaving, sewing, wax or cork work with sticks, drawing in checks and free, bead-threading, and perforating. These occupations are grouped above, not in the order of their use, but as they deal with solids, surfaces, and lines and points. The union of part with part in the kindergarten periods is maintained by a central, seasonable thought, from which spring all the exercises of day, week, and month, that thought always dealing with subjects within the general and local experience of the kindergarten children. The songs, games, and stories, which hold together

the periods of gift and occupation exercises, are also an integral part of them, growing out of them and their necessities. While they are the means of developing the singing voice, facility in language, grace and strength of body, they are also compassing the powers of attention, observation, imagination--they are helping the child to think, to obey law, to govern himself, to stand in the proper attitude toward his environment. Another aspect is the industrial connection of the kindergarten with life. Manual training, not in special but in general dexterity, forms an important part of the kindergarten training. From the delicacy of touch, as needed in such gifts as paper-folding and parquetry, to the strength and decision gained by the hands in clay-modeling, all degrees of handling are introduced, accuracy becomes a second nature, and crisp, distinct action is attained. The kindergarten also develops an interest in nature, and gives the child an impulse to study its forces and phenomena.

The first kindergarten was opened by Fröbel in the year 1840 in the village of Blankenburg in the Thuringian Forest. Until his death in 1852, Fröbel gave himself up to the work of establishing other of these institutions, and of interesting and enlisting the friends of education in the cause. After his death the Baroness Marenholtz-Bülow, Fröbel's ardent disciple, devoted herself to carrying on the work, and the movement has steadily grown until kindergartens form a component part of the public-school system in most Continental countries, in most cities of the United States, and in some South American and Asiatic countries. In France and French Switzerland their establishment is compulsory, and they are supported and organized like any other part of the public-school system. In Germany and England their support is yet local or philanthropic.

The pioneer movement for the establishment of kindergartens in the United States was led by Miss Elizabeth Peabody, of Boston, who on becoming interested in Fröbel's writings went to Germany in 1867 to study his system. She returned the next year and devoted the remainder of her life to the popularizing of the Fröbelian principle of education, ably seconded by Mrs. Horace Mann and Dr. Henry Barnard. During the decade of the sixties several kindergartens were established in Boston, Mass., Hoboken, N. J., and Louisville, Ky. A similar movement was led independently in New York by Miss Henrietta Haines and Miss Boelte, the latter a pupil of Fröbel's widow. During the seventies philanthropic associations were established in numerous cities for the support of kindergartens as charitable institutions. These were begun in Florence, Mass., in 1874, and in Boston in 1878; this movement prospered especially in San Francisco, Brooklyn, New York, Chicago, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and Louisville, and was supported in various other places. The first public kindergarten was opened in Boston in 1870, but shortly abandoned. The first permanently successful attempt to make the kindergarten a part of the public-school system was begun in Saint Louis in 1873, under the leadership of Miss Susan Blow and Dr. W. T. Harris. Boston, Philadel

phia, Chicago, Milwaukee, and in time most of the large cities and many of the smaller ones, have followed Saint Louis in this respect, usual

ly through the absorption of free kindergartens previously established by private benevolent associations. In 1898-99 there were reported to the United States Commissioner of Education 2884 kindergartens, having 5764 teachers and 143,720 pupils. These statistics are far below the actual numbers, for the reports made are purely voluntary. Statistics privately collected show the number of kindergartens to have increased as follows: in 1873, 43; in 1882, 348; in 1892, 1311; in 1898, 4363. The kindergarten movement was furthered by a magazine The Kindergarten Messenger, first published in 1873 by Miss Peabody. At the present time there are very many similar publications. The American Froebel Union, established in 1867, also by Miss Peabody, was the forerunner of many such associations. The Union became the kindergarten department of the National Educational Association in 1885. Many schools for the training of kindergartners have been established either as independent enterprises or in connection with other educational institutions, chiefly normal schools. The best known of these, now connected with normal schools, are the Chicago Kindergarten College, and those in connection with the Teachers College, Columbia University, and with Pratt Institute, Brooklyn.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is now a very extensive literature relating to the subject. Consult: Fröbel, Die Menschenerziehung (Keilhau, 1826); id., Pädagogik des Kindergartens (Keilhau, 1837-40); id., Autobiographie, translated (London, 1886); id., Mutter- und Koselieder (new ed., Vienna, 1895); Madame Marenholtz-Bülow, Die Arbeit und die neue Erziehung (Berlin, 1886); Das Kind und sein Wesen (2d ed., Berlin, 1878); Erinnerungen an Froebel (Kassel, 1876); Der Kindergarten des Kindes erste Werkstätte (2d ed., Dresden, 1878); Woman's Educational Mission. Among the more useful translations of these are Reminiscences of Froebel, by Mrs. Horace Mann (Boston, 1877); The Songs and Music of Froebel's Mother Play, by Susan E. Blow (New York, 1874); Education of Man, by Dr. Hailmann (New York, 1892); Fröbel's Autobiography (London, 1886); and Madame Marenholtz-Bülow's Child and Child Nature and Hand-work and Head-work (London, 1899). Dr. Henry Barnard published in 1881 a translation of the Autobiography, and of other important works, as well as many original contributions under the title of Kindergarten and Child Culture. The complete works of Fröbel are now published in translation in the "International Educational Series" (New York). Other important publications in English are: Schireff, The Kindergarten (London, 1889); Hailmann, Kindergarten Culture in the Family and Kindergarten (Cincinnati, 1873); Bowen, Froebel and Kraus, The Kindergarten Guide (New York and Education by Self-activity (London, 1892); London, 1882); Hailmann, The Law of ChildSchool (Chicago, 1889); Mrs. Hailmann, Songs hood and Kindergarten Methods in the Primary and Games for the Kindergarten (Springfield, Mass., 1887); Blow, Symbolic Education (New York, 1889); Hughes, Froebel's Educational Laws (New York, 1899). See FRÖBEL; NATIONAL EDUCATION, SYSTEMS OF.

KINDI, kên'dê, ABU YUSUF YA'KUB IBNISHAK, AL-. See AL-KINDI.