at Belfast. In 1841 he was appointed professor of Church history and pastoral theology in that institution, and in 1869 he was appointed its president. He wrote the following works: Plea of Presbytery (1840); a continuation of Reid's History of the Irish Presbyterian Church (1853); The Ancient Church Traced for the First Three Hundred Years (1859); the Old Catholic Church Traced to 755 (1871); the Ecclesiastical History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the Present Times (1875); The Ignatian Epistles Entirely Spurious (1886); The Framework of the Church (1890); Reminiscences of a Long Life (1901); and other works. KILLER. A small carnivorous whale of the genus Orca. These dolphins are notable for the fact that they are the only cetaceans which habitually attack and devour mammals. On account of their propensity to destroy more animals than they can eat, they are widely known as 'killers.' The genus is distinguished from other dolphins by the following characteristics: Beak about as long as head, broad, flat, and rounded; teeth about twelve on each side of each jaw, very large and stout, with conical recurved crowns; pectoral fin very large and ovate, about as broad as long; dorsal fin near middle of back, excessively high, and pointed; vertebræ 51 or 52. A full-grown male is 20 feet long, with a dorsal fin 6 feet high, while the female is somewhat smaller. The surface of the body is smooth and glossy, and is remarkably free from parasites.

Killers are found in all parts of the world, and sometimes swim up rivers in pursuit of their prey, which consists of large fish, seals, dolphins, and even whales. Killers generally go in small schools of a dozen or less, but sometimes larger numbers are seen together. The whales, especially the beluga, are hunted down and killed by these schools. They seem to be fearless and are said to have stolen captured whales from whaling vessels, in spite of opposition by the sailors. Killers are seldom captured by whalers, as they yield very little oil, but in some regions they are taken for food, and they are of importance to the Arctic coast trade.

The number of species of killers is still greatly in doubt, for, in spite of their very wide distribution, specific characters are not clearly defined. Not less than eight species have been described, but there is a reasonable possibility that there is only one valid species. The North Atlantic species (Orca gladiator) has been longest known, but the habits of the North Pacific killers have been more generally observed. In color the killers show great variety, though they are usually dark above, some being jet-black, and light beneath. Behind the eye is a clear white spot, and there is a crescent-shaped band back of the dorsal fin, sometimes white and sometimes maroon. Smaller individuals, possibly different species, are more or less striped. Consult: Beddard, Book of Whales (New York, 1900); Scammon, Marine Mammals of the Northwest Coast of North America (San Francisco, 1874); and the zoologists cited under ALASKA. See DOLPHIN; WHALE.

KILLIECRANKIE, kil'i-krǎn'ki, BATTLE OF. A battle which took place on July 17 (new style, July 27), 1689, in the pass of Killiecrankie, near Dunkeld in Scotland, between the adherents of James II. and William III. The Highland clans had little interest in the Revolution of 1688, but were busy with their own petty jealousies. These

were made use of by the celebrated Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, to array them on the side of James II. Against him was sent Mackay with three Scottish regiments, which had come from Holland, a regiment of English infantry, and two regiments of Lowland Scots, besides two troops of horse. These were met in the pass by a charge of the Highlanders, who carried all before them, and only stopped when they came to the packhorses, which they plundered, thus allowing Mackay to retreat without molestation. Dundee lost his life while leading the charge.

KILLIFISH. Any of the minnow-like North American fresh-water fishes of the family Pœcilliida (formerly called Cyprinodontidæ, and erroneously associated with the Cyprinidae). The body is elongate, compressed behind and usually depressed at the head; and both are covered with rather large cycloid scales. The mouth is small, extremely protractile, and provided with small teeth; the lower jaw usually projects, and the pharyngeal bones are not armed, as in the Cyprinidæ. The sexes are usually unlike, and some of the species are viviparous. In these the anal fin of the male is modified into an intromittent organ. The species are numerous, but none attains a large size, and some are extremely small. They inhabit the fresh-water streams, brackish water and bays of America, Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia. The family includes the topminnows and mummichog, and the interesting anableps, or four-eyed fish. Many of the species. are extremely resistant and have become adapted to very diverse habitats. There are 30 genera and about 180 species. The name killifish is especially applied to the genus Fundulus, chiefly American, whose species are the largest of the cyprinodonts, and some very brightly colored. Jordan says that they are oviparous and feed chiefly on animals. Some of them live on the bottom and bury themselves in the mud of estuaries; others frequent river channels and bays and swim freely, and still others, called 'top-minnows,' remain on or near the surface, and feed on floating insects in streams and swamps. The largest species of the eastern coastal region is Fundulus majalis, also called 'May-fish'; a lesser or even more familiar form is. the 'mummichog,' 'cobbler,' or 'mudfish' (Fundulus heteroclitus), which is to be met with in every pool and stream of brackish water from Maine to Texas. A Florida species is called 'sac-à-lait.' They are useful for bait, and make interesting pets in an aquarium. See Plate of KILLIFISHES AND TOP-MIN

NOWS.

KIL'LIGREW, HENRY (?-1712). An English admiral, son of Henry Killigrew, the divine mentioned by Pepys, and a brother of the poet and painter Anne Killigrew. Of his life nothing is known apart from his connection with the navy, which he had entered before 1666. In 1673 he had risen to the rank of captain. Through the five years following he was employed on the southern coast of the Mediterranean, and in 1686 as commodore commanded a squadron against the Barbary pirates, but accomplished little. With Richard Haddock and John Ashby he was joint commander in 1690, and in 1693 held a like post with Cloudesley Shovell and with Ralph Delavall, who with Killigrew was dismissed from command in June on the charge of treason in behalf of James. Thereafter Killigrew figured in

the naval lists as an officer on half pay (1697 sqq.).

KILLIGREW, THOMAS (1612-83). An English dramatist, son of Sir Robert Killigrew, born in London. He was appointed in 1633 page to Charles I.; traveled on the Continent; was made groom to the bed-chamber of Charles II. and chamberlain to the Queen. Killigrew is closely connected with the revival of the drama after the Restoration. In 1660 Charles II. granted him a patent to build a new theatre and raise a company of players. Killigrew accordingly formed the company of the King's servants and built the Theatre Royal, subsequently known as Drury Lane. His own plays, some of which were written before the Civil War, were printed in 1664. Of them only one is of interest, The Parson's Wedding (first performed perhaps as early as 1637). It is reprinted in Dodsley's Old Plays.

KIL'LINGLY. A town, including several villages, in Windham County, Conn., 25 miles north by east of Norwich; on the Quinebaug and Five Mile rivers, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Connecticut, H 2). It has the Killingly High School and Bugbee Memorial Public Library; and manufactures cotton and woolen goods, mill supplies, shoes, harness, etc. Population, 1900, 6835. Killingly, formerly Aspinock, was incorporated under its present name in 1708. In 1836 it was said to be the greatest cotton-manufacturing town in the State. Consult Larned, History of Windham County, Conn. (2 vols., Worcester, 1874); Bayles, History of Windham County, Conn. (New York, 1889). KIL'LINGTON PEAK. The second highest elevation of the Green Mountains in Vermont (Map: Vermont, C 7). It is nine miles east of Rutland; its height is 4241 feet, and it is a conspicuous landmark, affording a fine view from the summit.

KILMAINHAM, kil-mā'nȧm. A western suburb of Dublin, Ireland, and a township of Dublin County. Population, 6500. Here is situated Kilmainham Hospital, an establishment for the reception of wounded and pensioned soldiers, originally founded by King Charles II., and conducted on similar principles to the sister institution, Chelsea Hospital (q.v.). Kilmainham Hospital is maintained by an annual Parliamentary grant, and provides for upward of 250 veterans and officers. Near the hospital is Kilmainham jail, where Parnell was confined in 1882. 'The Treaty of Kilmainham' was an alleged agreement between Gladstone and Parnell, according to which Parnell promised to exert his influence against the commission of agrarian crime in Ireland, upon condition that Gladstone secured the introduction into Parliament of a

legislative measure affecting the Land Act of

1881.

KILMARNOCK. The largest town in Ayrshire, Scotland, on the Kilmarnock, 12 miles north-northeast of Ayr (Map: Scotland, D 4). It has large engineering establishments, woolen mills, carpet manufactories, machine-shops, blastfurnaces, calico-printing works, tanneries, and distilleries. It has endowed schools, numerous churches, and a public park, which contains a museum of Burns's relics and an elaborate monument to the poet, whose first work was published in Kilmarnock. The town owns its gas-works. The neighborhood is rich in coal and iron, and

its dairy produce is extensive. The largest cheese show in Scotland is held here, the value of the exhibits generally amounting to about 35,000 pounds sterling. Population, in 1891, 28,447; in 1901, 34,161. Consult McKay, History of Kilmarnock (Kilmarnock, 1848).

kitchen). A furnace or oven, for burning brick, KILN, kil (AS. cyln, cylene, from Lat. culina, earthenware, or pottery; for making charcoal; or for roasting carbonate iron ores. The kilns are made of stone, brick, or iron; and, depending upon the method of conducting the operation, they are divided into two classes: intermittent kilns, in which the fire is permitted to go out after the charge is burned, and continuous kilns, in which the charge may be removed and a fresh one put in while the fire is kept burning. This may be effected either by an independent fire, or by placing the fuel and the charge to be tested in alternate layers, removing the finished charge from the bottom, and adding fuel and charge at the top. A preferable form of continuous kiln is one in which the kiln cylinder is charged only with the material to be burned, and a current of flame or heated gas is introduced at the side near the bottom. The heat thus passing up through the material reduces it to the proper condition without adding any of the ashes of the fuel to it. Kilns are also classified in accordance with the course of the draught, into up-draught and downdraught; and by shapes, into round, rectangular, conical, and annular, the latter having a series of cells around a central compartment. Moreover, a kiln is said to be regenerative, if the gas and air before combustion is preheated by passage through a checker-work of brick which has been previously heated by the waste gases of combustion escaping from the kiln.

CEMENT-KILNS may be divided somewhat arbitrarily into: (1) Intermittent dome or bottle kilns; (2) intermittent or continuous chamber kilns, or kilns with chambers attached for drying the raw mixture by the waste gases from the kilns; (3) continuous or stage kilns; and (4) rotary kilns. Dome kilns consist of a calcining chamber, surmounted by a chimney, which together form a structure resembling a large bottle in shape. At the bottom of the kiln is a set of removable grate-bars, and a door for admitting air to the fire and for withdrawing the burned clinker. Near the top of the calcining chamber are one or more openings called charging eyes, through which the new mixture and fuel are fed into the kiln. The chimney-like structure provides the necessary draught for the fire, carries away the gases of combustion, and serves to keep the temperature of the kiln uniform. Dome kilns are built of rough stone, brick, or concrete masonry, lined with fire-brick, the lining being so constructed that it can be removed and rebuilt without disturbing the kiln structure proper. The kilns are charged by replacing kindling-wood on the grate-bars and filling above to the level of the charging eyes with alternate layers of fuel and raw mixture. When calcination is complete the kiln is allowed to cool down and the clinker is withdrawn. The operation of the kiln is thus intermittent.

Chamber kilns may be roughly defined as dome kilns in which the chimney-like superstructure is replaced by a long horizontal chamber opening into a stack. The raw material is placed in the horizontal chamber to be dried by the hot gases

escaping from the kiln proper. The construction, method of charging, etc., of chamber kilns are the same as for dome kilns. Chamber kilns are

employed chiefly in England. They are ordinarily intermittent in operation, but by having two or more drying chambers attached to a single kiln, so that some are receiving the hot gases while others are being stripped of the dry mixture and recharged with fresh wet mixture, they may be made to operate continuously. Continuous chamber kilns are used in a few works in France.

Continuous kilns are of two general forms, the vertical chamber kilns and the ring kiln. The Dietzsch vertical kiln consists internally of three connecting chambers. At the top is the heating chamber, into which the raw mixture is fed by one or more charging eyes. This heating chamber connects by means of a horizontal passage with a second vertical chamber, called the crucible, in which the calcination of the clinker takes place. Below the crucible is the cooling chamber in which the burned clinker is cooled by the current of air which passes up through it from the drawing eye below. The Hoffman ring kiln consists of a ringshaped chamber surrounding a central shaft connecting with the chimney. This chamber is divided into fifteen or twenty chambers, each connecting with the chimney and with the adjacent chambers by flues controlled by dampers, and each with an individual door on the outside. This arrangement of flues and doors makes it possible to have the burning proceed progressively from one chamber to another around the ring. Thus, the gases and the air for combustion may be preheated before burning by passage through adja cent chamber containing material fully burned, thus contemporaneously saving the waste heat and cooling the burned material. A kiln operated in this manner is called a regenerative kiln. Continuous kilns of the vertical chamber and ring types are used chiefly in Continental Europe.

Rotary kilns for burning cement are distinctly an American development, although the device was invented in England. A rotary kiln consists of a steel or iron cylinder lined with fire-brick or some other refractory substance to resist the heat, and mounted on roller bearings, generally

600.

Driving Mechanism

FIG. 1. ROTARY CEMENT-KILN.

placed at two points near the ends. A circumferential rack on the shell enables the cylinder to be rotated by worm-gearing or by a sprocket chain. The head of the cylinder is inclosed by the chimney in such a manner as to be free to rotate, and is somewhat higher than the front, which is covered by a movable cap, through which the crude oil or powdered coal is forced by airpressure. The raw material, either dry or wet, is fed into the upper end of the kiln, and gradually works toward the bottom, in consequence of the inclination and the rotary movement of the cylinder. Calcination takes place during the passage.

All four of the classes of kilns described are used for burning Portland cement. Natural cement is burned in a dome kiln much resembling those used for burning Portland cement, but smaller in size and somewhat fatter in shape,

and the operation is continuous instead of intermittent. See CEMENT.

BRICK-KILNS may be temporary or permanent. The former are built up of the bricks themselves, generally in a number of rows of parallel arches, which may contain as many as 40,000 brick and be 40 courses in height, called a scove-kiln. Burnt brick are placed around the outer sides and on top of the kiln, the walls being daubed with mud. Openings are left at the top to permit the escape of steam arising from the liberated moisture in the brick. Fires are started in the

The

Per

windward end of each arch, then at the other end, and allowed to approach each other slowly, several days sometimes being required. doors are closed and sealed to prevent the entrance of air. Wood, coal, or oil may be used for fuel, the oil requiring special burners, and being used but comparatively little. manent brick-kilns have fixed side walls, but may be open or closed at the top. If open, the fires extend beneath the whole length of the charge, the gases passing upward, much as in temporary kilns. If closed, the fires are at one end. Both up-draught and down-draught are used with the permanent, closed-top kilns. In updraught kilns the charging holes are above the level of the fire-holes, the latter being on the outside. In the down-draught kilns the gases enter through the flues ranged around the inside of the kilns. Continuous brick-kilns have a series of connecting chambers fired in succession, the gases passing from the first to the second, and so on. Filling, burning, and emptying goes on in different chambers at the same time. Fire-brick and refractory ware are frequently burned in downdraught kilns, which must be lined with fire-brick. Burning requires five or six days, and cooling several days more. Paving-brick, in the Middle West, are generally burned in the down-draught kilns. The temperature while burning ranges from 1600 to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit. The burning takes from six to ten days, and the cooling from six to twelve days.

CHARCOAL-KILNS, when of a permanent character (see CHARCOAL), are dome-shaped structures, with doors, a grate, ash-pit, and an outlet near the top for the volatile products.

LIME-KILNS are similar to the dome kilns used for burning cement. Two types, both continuous, are shown in section herewith, one built of brick, and another of iron and steel, with a firebrick lining.

POTTERY-KILNS are of many kinds, depending upon the ware that is to be burned and the consequent amount of heat required. Earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain each require different degrees of heat, the intensity varying in the order