Persian traveler Nasiri Khusra, in 1035, the interior was once highly ornamented with gold, silver, and costly marbles. There remain to-day the beautiful pavement of massive marble, the Arabic inscriptions which run along the walls, and the lamps of massive gold suspended from the ceiling. Though changes have been made from time to time, the building is substantially what it was at the time of the Prophet. The flat roof dates from his time. When Mecca was besieged by the Ommiads, fire almost destroyed the building, and it was restored to its original form by Hajjaj. In 1611 the walls threatened to fall in, and a girdle of gilded copper was put around them. In 1630 one of the many floods which from time to time devastate the valley in which the Kaaba stands greatly injured the building, and the whole was rebuilt, but with the original stones. The first caliphs covered the building with costly Egyptian hangings, then with red, yellow, green, or white silk. At the beginning of the ninth century the Caliph was accustomed to send three new coverings a year. Up to 1516 the Sultan of Egypt sent such a covering when he ascended the throne. Since the Osmanli rule the cover is made of thick black brocade, and is sent every year from Cairo at the same time as the maḥmal, or covered litter, the emblem of royalty. The cover has a golden legend, made up of extracts from the Koran, embroidered around its whole surface 33 feet from the bottom. A special foundation provides the money for this purpose, and the ceremony of sending it out is connected with much

pomp.

The Kaaba stands within a space called the Mosque, or the Haram (Holy Place). This was originally quite small, the houses of the city reaching right up to it. This space was enlarged by successive caliphs; Al-Mahdi (777781) built colonnades all around the mosque and covered them with teakwood. In course of time seven minarets were added for the muezzins, and the space immediately around the Kaaba was surrounded by posts through which plaited cords were run and on which lamps were hung. The mosque was rebuilt by Sultan Selim II. (1566-74), and small cupolas were placed over the stoas in the colonnades. This mosque, which is very much more imposing than the simple arrangement at Mohammed's time is unequal in the length of its sides and the angles of its The floor sinks from east, north, and south to the middle; seven causeways run out from the inner circle of the Kaaba to the colon

corners.

nades. Part of the space and the flooring of

the colonnades are of marble. There is a build

ing containing the sacred well, Zemzem, the only well in Mecca. Northwest of this and opposite the entrance of the Kaaba is the Makam Ibrahim, a holy stone of heathen times, originally kept in the Kaaba, then in a stone receptacle under the Kaaba, and now in a box under the cupola of the building. It is used by the Imam (leader in prayer) of the Shafiites. Other makāms were introduced during the twelfth century. The mimbar (pulpit) was introduced under the Ommiad caliphs; the present one was the gift of Sultan Solyman II. (1549).

Many legends in regard to the origin and history of the Kaaba and the Black Stone are current among the Moslems. Mohammed himself (Koran, sura xxii. 119) connected the build

ing of the first structure with the patriarch Abraham. Other legends refer this building to Adam, who is said to have fashioned it after its prototype in heaven. The Black Stone is said to have originally been white, but to have turned black, either through the sins of men or the millions of kisses which have been imprinted upon it. Consult: Snouck-Hurgronje, Mekka (The Hague, 1888-89); Wüstenfeld, Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka (Leipzig, 1861); Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia (London, 1829); Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (London, 1855); Salih Soubhi, Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à Médine (Cairo, 1894); Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. (2d ed., Berlin, 1897).

KAAB IBN ZUHAIR, käb ib'n zoo'har (Ar. Ka'b). An Arabian poet of the seventh century, a contemporary of Mohammed. His father, Zuhair ibn Abi Sulma Rabia al-Muzani, was also a poet and author of one of the seven poems of the Muallakat, the great collection of preIslamic Arabic poetry. All the other members of Kaab's family (the Muzainah) became converts to Islam, and when his brother Bujair adopted the new faith, Kaab indited a bitter and sarcastic poem which came to the notice of the Prophet, and Kaab was outlawed. By means of a clever stratagem, however, he gained access to Mohammed and recited a famous eulogy, called, from the first two words, Banat Su'ad (Suad-a woman's name-fled). Mohammed was pleased and gave the poet his own mantle. Kaab is reported to have died soon after. The two poems referred to are translated by Brockelmann in his (popular) Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, pp. 52, 53 (Leipzig, 1901); the second also by Gabrieli, Al-Budatan (Florence, 1901). The best editions of the Banat Su'ād are those of I. Guidi (Leipzig, 1871-74) and Nöldeke, in his Delectus Veterum Carminum Arabicorum (Berlin, 1890).

KAALUND, ka'loon, HANS VILHELM (181885). A Danish poet, born at Copenhagen. He studied sculpture and painting, but the enthusi

asm with which his verses were received on the return of Thorwaldsen (1838) decided him to take up literature as a profession. His poems, Kong Haldan den Stærke (1840), and Valkyrien Göndul (1842), were successful but not profitable, and the same was true of his other works collection of his best old and new poems. In until the publication of Et Foraar (1858), a 1875 his drama Fulvia appeared, and in 1877 another collection of poetry, En Eftervaar. posthumous volume of verse was printed in 1885. Besides these, he wrote Fabler og blandede Digte (1844), and Fabler for börn (1845), a book for young children, illustrated by Lundye.

A

KAAMA, käʼmå. The true South African hartbeest (q.v.).

KAARTA, kär'tå. A territory of Western Africa, in French Sénégal (q.v.), situated between the parallel of 16° N. and the Senegal River, and crossed by the meridian of 10° W. Its area is 21,042 square miles. The country is mostly level. In the eastern part the climate is favorable, and there are fertile districts where the natives raise cereals. The population is estimated at 300.000, consisting of Soninkis and Bambaras. The former, the original rulers of

the country, were conquered by the latter. The region was annexed to Segu in 1855, under whose dominion it remained till 1891, when it was taken by the French. The chief trading town is Nioro, in the northern part. Kuniakari, a small town, is the capital.

KABALASSOU, kä'bå-läs'soo (South American name). The largest of armadillos (Priodon gigas). It inhabits Brazil, and is three feet in length, with a tail twenty inches long. It has powerful claws, which enable it to dig deep burrows, and it is accused of exhuming buried corpses, and hence is regarded with general aversion. It feeds upon carrion and termites. See ARMADILLO.

KABALE UND LIEBE, kå-bä'le unt le'be (Ger., Intrigue and Love). An early drama by Schiller (1784). Ferdinand von Walter refuses a marriage arranged for him by his father with Lady Milford, and is determined to marry Luisa Müller, the daughter of a musician. The ambitious father, through his unscrupulous secretary, plans the young girl's ruin, and, by means of a love-letter secured from her in the hope of obtaining her father's freedom, destroys Ferdinand's faith in her. The latter kills her and himself by poison, learning the truth from her last words. The play, with much false sentiment, contains masterly delineations of character and still retains its popularity on the stage.

A

KABARDS', or KABERTAI, kȧ-běrʼtī. remnant of the Circassians, living in the western and central Caucasus; height, 1.684 meters or 1.697 meters for the highlanders; ratio of headwidth to head-length, 83.7. There are about 30,000 of them, and their speech forms one of the independent linguistic families of this region. In religion they are chiefly Mohammedans. KABASSOU, kȧ-bǎs'soo, or CABASSOU (South American name). An armadillo of the genus Xenurus, characterized by the existence of 12 or 13 movable plates between the ends of the body, and by the extraordinary length of the first two digits. Two species exist in tropical

South America, of which the best known is

Xenurus unicinctus. Both burrow with great facility. See ARMADILLO.

KABBALAH, käbʼbå-lä. See CABBALA. KAB IBN ZUHAIR. See KAAB IBN ZUHAIR. KABUL, kȧ-bool', or CABUL. The capital of Afghanistan and of the province of the same name, in latitude 34° 30' N., and longitude 69° 16' E., near the point where the Kabul River, here crossed by three bridges, ceases to be fordable (Map: Afghanistan, L 4). Elevated about 6400 feet, and overtopped within a short distance to the north by pinnacles of the Hindu Kush, about 14.000 feet higher than itself, Kabul has severe winters, and temperate summers ranging from 75 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. On the southeast, crowning a hill 150 feet high, the Balahissar, a dismantled citadel, formerly the residence of the Ameer, dominates the city. The city is divided into four parts by the principal bazaar, the streets of which converge to a central square. The streets are badly paved, and the houses, which are as a rule only two or three stories high, are built of sun-dried bricks and wood, and have flat roofs; but the erection of new buildings, improvements in roads, etc., in recent years exhibit a decided advance toward modern civilization. On the outskirts of the city are

extensive machine-shops, including a plant for electric light, and a rifle and cartridge factory. This arsenal is connected by rail with a marble quarry, about 10 miles distant. The watersupply of the city is abundant and generally good. A considerable domestic trade is carried on, and European goods are largely imported. Kabul is the centre of a prolific fruit-growing district, especially noted for its melons and grapes. The inhabitants are Mohammedans of the Sunnite sect. They are not very dark in color, are strong, well built, and have a Jewish cast of countenance. The language of the common people is the Pushtu dialect, but the higher classes speak the Persian language. The city

is regarded as a very important strategic point. In the days of the Sultan Baber, Kabul was the capital of the Mogul Empire. The tombs of this Sultan, near the outer edge of the city, are among its most important monuments. Kabul has witnessed some of the most momentous events in Anglo-Indian history. In 1839 it was taken by the British; in 1841 it was lost, owing to an outbreak which led to the massacre at the

beginning of 1842 of about 4000 soldiers and 12,000 followers; and finally, after being recovered by General Pollock in the same year, it was abandoned, its bazaars and public buildings having previously been burned to the ground. From 1866 to 1868 Kabul was the principal scene of action in the civil war between the rival sons of Dost Mohammed, one of whom, Afzul, occupied the city for a time and proclaimed himself 'Ameer of Kabul.' The rightful Ameer, Shere Ali, finally regained possession of the city in 1868, and it became again the capital of Afghanistan. In 1879 it witnessed the massacre of Major Cavagnari, the British resident, and his staff. This resulted in Lord Roberts's campaign, the victory of Charasaib, and the British occupation of Kabul for a year. Estimated population, 70,000. Consult Burnes, Cabool (Philadelphia, 1843).

KABUL. A river of Afghanistan, rising on

the slopes of the Paghman Mountains-a spur

of the Hindu Kush or Indian Caucasus-in the

northeastern part of the country (Map: Afghanistan, M 4). Its source is 8400 feet above the level of the sea; and after an eastward course of 270 miles, with numerous rapids through steep and narrow defiles, through the Khyber Mountains and across the District of Peshawar, it empties into the Indus, opposite Attock, in the Punjab. The point of confluence marks the head of navigation on the Indus, while the tributary is navigable about fifty miles up to Duobandi for craft of 40 or 50 tons. By means of the two streams there exists an available communication of about 1000 miles between the Khyber Mountains and the Indian Ocean. Kabul flows past the cities of Kabul and Jelalabad.

The

KABYLES, kå-bilz' (Ar. qabilat, pl., qabā’il, tribes). The Arabic name for the Hamitic Berbers, numbering about half a million and inhabiting the table-lands of Algeria. In a narrow sense Kabylia is restricted to a tract in Algeria divided by the Sahel River into Great Kabylia on the west, with the mountains rising 7500 feet, and Little Kabylia on the east, with cliffs 3000 feet above the sea. The Kabyles of Herodotus were among the first Libyan tribes encountered by the Arab invaders. When the Mohammedans

pushed their conquests across Northern Africa they gave this name to all non-Arab peoples who fled to the uplands, including with the Berbers (Imazighen) the descendants of the Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans, all of the Mediterranean race, the Vandals, of the Teutonic race, and the Berberized negroes. They are above the average in stature (1.677 m., or 66 inches), the men being notably taller than the women; and dolichocephalic, their index being 76.4. All of them come from long-headed stock, Mediterranean, Teutonic, and negro. A most interesting characteristic is the frequent occurrence of blonds among them. Opinions have been divided whether to attribute this feature to original albinism in the Hamite era or to the blond Teutonic. Blond Hamites, however, are represented on Egyptian, tombs as early as B.C. 1800-1300, and the great prevalence of the feature shows it to be deeply rooted.

The Kabyles, following the instincts of their Hamitic descent, are not roving and aggressive like the Arabs, but are agricultural and industrial. In dress, home, furniture, tools and implements, they are little different from the patriarchs described in the Bible. They use the wooden plow and thresh their grain with the tribulum or harrow with stone teeth. They are good workers in iron, brass, and leather, and the women are skillful in basketry textiles. No machinery of any kind exists among them. Kabyle pottery is all made by women without the use of the wheel. The forms are plates, bottles of plain or quaint designs, teapot forms, pitchers, amphora, etc. The colors are écru, red, terra-cotta, and black. Their ornamentation is made up of an infinite number of patterns, in which dots, bent lines, hachures, and geometrical forms are mingled; but there is no evidence of legendary designs. Fresh interest is awakened in Kabyle pottery by its resemblance to the ware found in the prehistoric cemeteries of Egypt.

The Kabyle village is similar in structure and Imotives to those of the Pueblo Indians, but of a

higher grade. The notion of terrace-building, which unites habitation and defense, is prominent. In the more prosperous settlements the houses cover a hill rising so steeply that the lower houses are commanded from above, the crest forming a citadel. The tile roofs, heavy wooden framework. squared walls, added stories, and decorated porches, with some ideas of architectural proportion and ornament, are marks of higher culture, but structurally they are defective. The interior of the Kabyle house (13x15 feet) is divided by a partition wall into two rooms, one of them at a higher level than the other. In the latter the family eat, live, and sleep. The lower is a stable for domestic animals, and is ventilated into the living room. Granaries of burnt clay are built over the stables. The walls are whitewashed, mats serve for beds, and the fire is in a pit, round which are stones to support the cooking-pots.

form larger units of nations and confederacies, are ruled by Amins, who are commanders-inchief in war and civil rulers in peace. They are not despotic, however, since their acts are subject to the revision of a council. Beneath the civil rule is felt the influence of secret societies, which are all-powerful in elections and policies. The language of the Kabyles belongs to the Libyan or Berber group, and forms a member of the Semito-Hamite family.

The religion is a somewhat modified Mohammedanism. Each village possesses one or more mosques resembling enlarged dwellings, not always adorned with minarets. The Imam has care of the religious services and the instruction of the young. He is treated with great respect, consulted in important affairs, and is often the arbitrator in family disputes.

Education, beyond learning to read, is most meagre. The Berber language is the vernacular, but a knowledge of Arabic is essential for commercial transactions.

Since the French occupation of Algeria and the existence of good government and demand for labor, the Kabyles are coming down from their seclusion and securing employment on the public works and in the cities.

Consult: Hanoteau et Letourneux, La Kabylie et les Coutumes Kabyles (3 vols., Paris, 1893); Randall-Maciver and Wilkin, Libyan Notes (London, 1901). See LIBYANS.

See CUTCH, GULF OF.
KACHH, kuch. An inlet of the Arabian Sea.

KACHH. A principality of British India. See CUTCH.

KACHH GUNDAVA, gün-dä'vå. See CUTCH GUNDAVA.

KACZKOWSKI,

kách-kov'ské, ZYGMUNT (1826-96). A Polish writer of historical romances, born at Bereznia, Galicia, and educated at the University of Lemberg. At the revolution of 1848 he emerged into public life, and in 1861 the publication of his newspaper Glos led to a short imprisonment, followed by a lengthy sojourn in Paris. He afterwards returned to Vienna and fully occupied himself with literary pursuits. Wnuczinta (1858) is said to be his masterpiece, but he published other novels, marked by the same charming style and fidelity to history, such as Bitwa o Horonzankz (1852); Bracia Stubui (3 vols., 1854); Dziwozona (4 vols., 1855); Le tombeau de Nieczuii (1858); Sodalis Marianus (5 vols., 1858); Annuneyata (1858); La femme en Pologne (4 vols., 1862); Le Comte Rak (1878); and Le portefeuille de Nieczuja (1883).

KADAPA, or CUDDAPAH, kŭd'då-pä. The capital of a district of the same name, and a military cantonment in Madras, British India, situated near the southern bank of the Penner, 140 miles northwest of Madras (Map: India, C 6). It carries on a trade in cotton, cotton cloth, and indigo. Population, 17,400.

KADELBURG, kä'del-boorK, GUSTAV (1851

VOL. XI.-24.

Budapest. He made his début in Leipzig at seventeen; played at Berlin from 1871 to 1883, with the exception of two seasons; toured in the United States; and from 1884 to 1894 was engaged at the German Theatre in Berlin. Soon afterwards he left the stage and became manager of the Volkstheater in Vienna. He wrote many