JUNGHUHN, yoong'hoon, FRANZ WILHELM (1809-64). A German physician and naturalist, born at Mansfeld. He studied medicine, botany, and geology at Halle and Berlin; commenced his professional career as a surgeon in the Prussian Army; afterwards joined the French forces in Algeria, and finally settled in Java. In the latter country he made valuable researches into the geological, geographical, and botanical resources of the land, and his published works on the subject are highly prized. He visited Europe in 1849, but returned to Batavia, where he died. His principal works include: Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart (1852-54); Die Battaländer in Sumatra (1847). A description of his collection of fossil plants, Planta Junghuhnian (1851 et seq.), was undertaken by several naturalists.

JUNGLE (Hindi jāngal, from Skt. jāngala, desert). A term employed to designate those often almost impassable thickets of trees, shrubs, and reeds which abound generally upon swampy land in many parts of India, and particularly in the unhealthy tract called Terai or Tarayani, along the southern base of the Himalayas, and in the Sunderbunds at the mouth of the Ganges. The jungle flora and fauna are very peculiar; tigers and other beasts of prey, elephants, boars, deer, monkeys, and other quadrupeds, with gigantic snakes, are found in great

numbers in these thickets. The moisture and heat carry a tropical vegetation beyond its usual limits northward to the lower valleys of the Himalaya.

JUNGLE BOOK, THE. Stories for children, by Rudyard Kipling, published in Saint Nicholas, and collected in two volumes in 1894 and 1895. It tells the adventures of a wild boy, Mowgli, in the jungles of India, who shared the life of the animals, and it shows a marvelous comprehension of the forest and of beasts.

JUNGLE CAT, or CHAUS. A well-known wild cat (Felis or Chaus chaus) of India, met with in all forested parts from Ceylon to an elevation of 8000 feet on the Himalayas. It is about 26 inches long, and has a tail 9 or 10 inches long. In color it is yellowish-gray, more or less dark and unspotted, and becoming reddish on the sides of the neck and abdomen; a dark stripe runs from the eyes to the muzzle, and there are obscure bars on the limbs and tail; the ears reddish-black outside, white inside, and slightly tufted. A whitish-brown spotted cat (Felis ornata) of the same region is sometimes called the 'ornate jungle cat.' Both species interbreed with domestic cats. See CAT; and Plate of WILD CATS.

are

JUNGLE FEVER. Pernicious malarial fever of the East Indian jungles. It was probably first named and described by English colonists in India, who fell victims to it. Jungle fever is a tropical malaria due to infection with the æstivoautumnal parasite. Travelers or new residents are more likely to suffer from it than natives. Its symptoms are grave prostration, impaired memory, somnolence, severe headache, disturbed vision, stupor, and delirium, with a fever of intermittent type. Fatal collapse may occur in three days, the fever ceasing in a few hours, or a second and third attack may follow. Quinine is the most successful drug in the treatment of jungle fever. See MALARIA.

JUNGLE FOWL. A typical gallinaceous bird of the East Indian genus Gallus, regarded as the source of our domestic fowls. Four species are known-one (Gallus varius) in Java and the islands eastward; another (Gallus Stanleyi) in Ceylon; a third, the ‘gray' (Gallus Sonnerati); and fourth, the red jungle fowl (Gallus Bankiva, or ferrugineus) of Northern India and eastward to Cochin-China and the Philippines, which is the one usually referred to. This species strongly resembles in plumage the modern black-breasted game fowl, and this is especially true of the variety found in the Malay Peninsula, where, according to tradition, fowls were first domesticated. From that country, it is believed, they were taken to China and domesticated, thereby forming the original barnyard poultry. These wild game fowls live in the forests, not gre gariously, but in pairs or small parties, but often come out to feed in cultivated fields, and show themselves strong fliers and fast runners. They eat almost everything, and their flesh is excellent. According to Stejneger, the cocks crow and the hens cackle and cluck in much the manner of domestic fowls.

JUNGLE GHAU, or Ox. A variety of the gayal (q.v.), inhabiting Sylhet and other mountainous parts of the northeast of India.

JUNGLE SHEEP. A sportsman's name for the goat-like animal of the Himalayan region (Hemitragus hylocrius). It is called 'warri-atu' by the Tamils, and 'Nilgiri ibex' by English sportsmen.

JUNGMANN, yoong'mån, JOZEF JAKOB (1773-1847). A Czech philologist, born at Hudlitz, Bohemia. He studied philosophy and law in Prague, taught at the Gymnasium at Leitmeritz from 1799 to 1815, and thereafter at the Altstädter Gymnasium in Prague, of which he was rector from 1835 until 1845, when he retired. He contributed greatly to the revival of the Czech national sentiment, and especially to the intellectual reawakening of his people after a protracted period of inactivity. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the Czech tongue, he first undertook the translation of some masterpieces of foreign literatures, the most notable of which was that of Milton's Paradise Lost, begun in 1800 and published in 1811. This was followed by Chateaubriand's Atala (1805), and Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea. With Johann Presl he founded in 1821 the Krok, the first scientific periodical in the Czech language. His next important work was a History of the Czech Literature and Language (1825), but the crowning effort of his life was the Slovník (183539), a complete dictionary of the Czech language, for which he had collected the material for more than thirty years.

JUNG-STILLING, yoong stilling, JOHANN HEINRICH (1740-1817). A German author, born at Grund in Westphalia. His original name was Jung. He was a charcoal-burner, was then apprenticed to a tailor, and in 1770 went to Strassburg to study medicine. He practiced at Elberfeld till 1778, and achieved renown by his operations for the removal of cataract; then taught at Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, and Marburg; but soon returned to Karlsruhe, where he was pensioned by the Grand Duke of Baden and made Privy Councilor. His most important work is the mystic autobiography, Heinrich Stillings

Leben (1806), in the publication of which he was assisted by Goethe, whom he had learned to know at Strassburg, and who characterizes his friend in the second volume of Aus meinem Leben. The autobiography was completed by Heinrich Stillings Alter (1817). His other works are the novels: Geschichte des Herrn von Morgenthau (1779); Geschichte Florentins von Fahlendorn (1781-83); and Erzählungen (1814-15); and on purely mystical subjects: Theobald (1784-85; in English, 1846); Theorie der Geisterkunde (1808; in English, 1834); and Scenen aus dem Geisterreiche (1797-1801). His collected works were published at Stuttgart (1835-39). Consult Petersen, Jung-Stilling (Copenhagen, 1890).

JU'NIATA. A river of Pennsylvania, formed by the Franktown Branch and the Little Juniata, which rise in the Alleghanies and unite at Petersburg in the south central part of the State (Map: Pennsylvania, D 3). Its general direction is easterly with many windings, and after a course of 150 miles it enters the Susquehanna at Duncannon, 14 miles above Harrisburg. It breaks through several parallel mountain ridges and is marked through nearly its whole course by grand and picturesque scenery, It is not navigable, but the Pennsylvania Canal and the Pennsylvania Railroad follow its windings from its source to its mouth.

JUNIATA COLLEGE. A coeducational institution of higher learning at Huntingdon, Pa., founded by the German Baptist Brethren, in 1876. It has a preparatory department, a school of arts, and Bible and music, commercial, and normal English courses, leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, English, and Sacred Literature. The institution places emphasis on the religious side of education, and exercises a careful supervision over its students. The college had, in 1906, 333 students and 21 instructors. The endowment in 1906 was $105,000, and the college property was valued at $190,000. The library contained 20,900 bound volumes and 4000 pamphlets.

JUNIL'IUS. A bishop of Africa, who flourished in the sixth century. He was the author of Instituta Regularia Divinæ Legis (c.550), one of the earliest introductions to the sacred writings. Junilius himself claimed no originality, but in the introduction to the work stated that he was indebted for the greater part of its contents to a certain Paulus of Persia, supposed to have been Paulus of Bassora, who afterwards became Metropolitan of Nisibis. In this work, which is generally called De Partibus Divinæ Legis, Junilius does not enumerate the Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Job, Judith, Esther, or the Maccabees among canonical books. Consult the edition by Kilm (Freiburg, 1880); Beeker's Das System des Kirchenvaters Junilius (Lübeck, 1787); and Kilm's Theodor von Mopsuestia und Junilius Africanus (Freiburg, 1880).

JUNIN, HOo-nēn'. An inland department of Peru, bounded by the Department of Huanuco on the north, Cuzco on the east, Ayacucho and Huancavelica on the south, and Lima on the west (Map: Peru, B 6). Area, 23,353 square miles. One of the Andes ranges traverses the department through the centre, and divides it into two parts, the western being elevated; the eastern lower and thickly wooded, known as the hot Montaña. Agriculture is in a backward state,

and the rich deposits of silver which are found in the Cerro de Pasco are utterly neglected. A railroad connects the southern part of the province with Lima on the coast, and several extensions of this line have been projected, which will open communication with the eastern and northern departments. The population was officially estimated, in 1896, at 394,393. Capital, Cerro de Pasco (q.v.).

JUNIN, or CHINCHAYCOCHA. A lake in the Department of Junin, Peru, situated at an altitude of 13,000 feet. It is about 37 miles long and 7 miles wide, and is drained by the Mantaro River. There are several towns on its shores, and small steamboats ply on it.

JUNIPER (older forms gynypre, jeneper, from OF. geneivre, genoivre, It. ginepro, giunipero, from Lat. juniperus, junipirus, probably for junonipirus, Juno's pear, from Juno, Juno + pirus, pear; also explained as being from juvenis, young, and pirus, pear; hardly connected with parere, to produce), Juniperus. A genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Coniferæ, having unisexual flowers, the male and female generally on separate plants, and the fruit a kind of fleshy berry containing one to three small nuts. The species are all evergreen, and have small, narrow, rigid, and scale-like leaves opposite in whorls of three or four, or imbricated in four rows, both forms sometimes occurring together. They are natives chiefly of northern temperate and cold regions. The common juniper (Juniperus communis), common to northern high latitudes, rarely exceeds a height of 30 feet, and in general is only a shrub from 2 to 6 feet

JUNIPER.

high. The abundant, round, bluish-black currantlike fruit takes two years to ripen. On the shell of the nuts are three glands, which abound, especially before ripening, in an essential oil-oil of juniper-present also particularly in the young wood. The wood is yellowish-red, brownish in the heart, hard, and fragrant. When of suffi cient size it is much valued for turning and veneering. The dry twigs, roots, and berries are used for fumigation. The berries, which have a strong and peculiar flavor, are much used for flavoring gin, which derives its name from them. They also enter into several medical preparations, being stimulant, sudorific, and diuretic. The

bark of juniper may be made into ropes, and in some parts of the Highlands of Scotland the roots are woven into coarse baskets. Oil of juniper, on which the medicinal properties of the plant depends, has a specific gravity of 0.839. It is obtained by distilling the unripe fruit or the twigs with water. Six drops are a dose. Spanish juniper (Juniperus Oxycedrus) grows in arid situations in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. From its fruit, which is about the size of a hazelnut, and its wood is procured an essential oil of disagreeable odor, called huile de cade, which is used in veterinary practice, particularly as a cure for scab in sheep. Virginian juniper (Juniperus Virginiana), the red cedar of North America, is an evergreen tree, often 50 to 100 feet high, of conical form, with horizontal branches and very small leaves. Its range is from Lake Champlain to the Gulf of Mexico in sandy or rocky places. It is often planted in pleasure gardens in Europe. The berries are small and bright blue. The heart-wood is of a beautiful red color, and is valued by turners, coopers, etc., and is extensively used for making lead pencils. The wood is very resistant to decay, and on this account is in demand for fence-posts. There are often found on the branches fungous excrescences called cedar-apples, which are one stage in the life history of the fungus causing apple-rust. (See APPLE, paragraph Diseases.) The Bermuda cedar (Juniperus Bermudiana), a native of the Bermudas, is a small tree, with very fragrant, reddish-brown wood, which is used for furniture, pencil-making, etc., and also for lining cabinets, its flavor preventing the attacks of moths and other insects. The Himalaya Mountains produce several species of juniper, trees of considerable size, beautiful appearance, and valuable wood. The Swedish juniper of our shrubberies is merely a variety of the common juniper. There are a number of other species of Juniperus of similar habit and use throughout the world; also many dwarf species that are procumbent or trailing. Among the larger tree forms are Juniperus Chinensis, Juniperus excelsa, and Juniperus recurva of Asia, Juniperus procera of Abyssinia, and Juniperus Californica, Juniperus occidentalis, and Juniperus Mexicana of the Western United States and Mexico. There are also numerous horticultural varieties in cultivation.

JUNÍPERO, Hoo-ne på-rō, MIGUEL JOSE SERRA (1713-84). A Franciscan missionary to

the Indians of California. He was born on the island of Majorca in the Mediterranean, and when he became a priest (1730), he exchanged his baptismal name, Miguel José Serra, for the clerical one, Junípero. At the age of thirty-six he sailed as a missionary to the Spanish colonies in America, and from 1750 until 1769 he ministered to nomadic tribes of aborigines in Mexico. Upon the expulsion of the Jesuits from Lower California, Father Junípero was ordered to take up their relinquished work, and while he was president of the California missions there were founded the missions of San Diego (1769), San Carlos (1770), San Antonio (1771), San Gabriel (1771), San Luis Obispo (1772), San Francisco (1776), San Juan Capistrano (1776), Santa Clara (1777), and San Buenaventura (1782). He made many long and toilsome wilderness journeys to other stations, but his particular charge was the San Carlos Mission at Monterey, and he had under him sixteen missionaries

of the Order of Saint Francis, who by 1780 had converted more than three thousand Indians, instructed them in the arts of peace, and persuaded them to give up their wanderings to form agricultural colonies around the different missions. These in turn required military stations or presidios for their protection, and thus the settlement of California was begun. Father Juní pero was buried in his own church at Monterey, now in ruins, and Father Palon, his assistant and successor, one of the three enthusiasts who came out with him to America, left behind an interesting memoir, called Vida da Junipero.

JUNIUS, yoo'ně-us, FRANCISCUS, the younger (1589-1677). A German philologist and antiquary. He was born at Heidelberg, the son of Franciscus Junius, the theologian. The family having removed to Leyden in 1592, he studied there under his brother-in-law, the celebrated philologist Gerhard Vossius. In 1620 he visited France, and in 1621 went to England, where he was appointed librarian to the Earl of Arundel, and held that office for thirty years, during which time he studied the Teutonic languages. greatest work was his Glossarium Gothicum (1664-65), in five languages, the English portion of which has been issued separately as Etymologicum Anglicanum. He also wrote De Pictura Veterum (1637), with an English translation by himself, and published an edition of the Gothic Gospels of Ulfilas (1665), with a commentary. Library, Oxford. He left his valuable manuscripts to the Bodleian

His

JUʼNIUS, LETTERS OF. A famous series of seventy letters signed Junius,' which appeared in a London newspaper, the Public Advertiser, between January 21, 1769, and January 21, 1772. The signature Junius' had appeared for the and Camden were assailed for their behavior first time on November 21, 1768, when Grafton

toward Wilkes.

Revised by the author, the Letters were reprinted March 3, 1772, by Henry S. Woodfall, editor and printer of the Adver tiser. In 1812 appeared a new edition, contain

ing 113 additional letters variously signed, which

In

were attributed to the author of Junius. The first letter in the first collected edition, which treats of the "State of the Nation," strikes the key-note of the subsequent correspondence. it the author singles out several leading members of the Ministry, and boldly denounces their inefficiency. No sooner did the first letter appear than the Court party took the alarm. An invisible and dreaded censor was evidently moving among them-one who seemed cognizant of all the proceedings of both Houses, who not only knew intimately the public career of Ministers, but was fully informed regarding the follies and the crimes of their private character. Sir W. Draper, who entered into controversy with this unknown adversary, was in the end overmastered. The Duke of Bedford, Lord Mansfield, and, chief of all, the Duke of Grafton, writhed beneath his lash. The greatest sensation was created by the "Address to the King" (December 19, 1769), in which King George was reminded of the fate of Charles I. Woodfall, as printer and publisher, was prosecuted, but acquitted on a technicality. The style of these letters, though somewhat stiff and formal, is remarkable for closeness of argument, felicity of illustration and illusion, and brilliant epigram. Whoever Junius was, he had made too many enemies to be safe in acknowledg