in Italy. In pursuance of his designs, he entered into the League of Cambrai (1508) with the Emperor Maximilian, Louis XII. of France, and Ferdinand of Aragon; later, when the immediate purpose of the league had been attained, fearing the ambitious designs of Louis, he withdrew and entered an opposite alliance, the Holy League. Louis attempted to force the Pope to call a general council for the reform of the Church, and actually had a synod convoked at Pisa in 1511, with the coöperation of some disaffected cardinals. Julius replied by calling the fifth Lateran Council. (See LATERAN COUNCIL.) The Holy League finally triumphed over France in Upper Italy, and Bologna, Reggio, Parma, and Piacenza were assured to the Papal Government; but death interrupted the further plans of Julius to break the Spanish power in Italy as well. On the whole, if less concerned with spiritual affairs than his office demanded, he had the qualities of a great statesman and general, and was also a liberal and judicious patron of the fine arts. Consult: his life by Dumesnil (Paris, 1873); Brosch, Papst Julius II. und die Gründung des Kirchenstaates (Gotha, 1878).-JULIUS III., Pope 155055, Giovanni Maria del Monte. He was born in 1487 at Rome, made Archbishop of Siponto in 1512, and of Pavia in 1520, and cardinal in 1536. He was one of the three legates appointed to open and preside over the Council of Trent, which he reopened as Pope in 1551 after its sittings had been suspended for two years. He began his pontificate zealously, and with high hopes, as when he sent Cardinal Pole to England to reconcile the Kingdom, but when discouragements came upon him he lost his energy, and died in

1555.

JULIUS CÆ'SAR. An historical play by Shakespeare, written in 1600 or 1601 and published in 1623. It was based on Plutarch's lives of Cæsar, Antony, and Brutus, and though not the greatest of Shakespeare's classical dramas, it is a tragedy of great stateliness and force.

JULIUS ECHTER VON MESPELBRONN, yooli-us ĕk'ter fôn měs pèl-brôn (1545-1619). A German Catholic prelate, Bishop of Würzburg, and a leader of the Counter-Reformation. He was born at the Castle of Mespelbronn; studied in Germany, at Paris, and in Rome at the Jesuit Collegium Germanicum; and in 1573 became Bishop of Würzburg. In this post his policy was strenuous; all the Protestant clergy were replaced by Catholics; and the records say that in a single year (1586) there were more than sixty thousand converts, and that in three years Protestantism was eradicated from his see. Julius

was a prominent member of the Catholic League (1609), and was famed for the founding of the Julius Hospital (1579). He opened the University of Würzburg (1582). Consult the biography by Buchinger (Würzburg, 1843).

JULIUS VON DER TRAUN, děr troun. The pseudonym of the Austrian novelist Alexander Julius Schindler,

JULLIEN, zhu'lyǎn', ADOLPHE (1845-). A French musical critic, born in Paris. He was educated at the Lycée Charlemagne, studied law, and at the same time acquired a thorough knowledge of music and musical literature. In 1869 he began to contribute to various French musical journals, and in 1872 became feuilletonist of the Français and subsequently of the Moniteur Universel. Among his many important works are: La musique et les philosophes au XVIIIème siècle (1873); Histoire du théâtre de Mme. de Pompadour (1874); La comédie à la cour de Louis XVI. (1875); Goethe et la musique (1880); L'opéra secret au XVIIIème siècle (1880); Richard Wagner, sa vie et ses œuvres (1886); Hector Berlioz (1888); Musiciens d'aujourd'hui (1892; 2d series 1894).

JUL/LUNDER. See JALANDHAR.
JULY. See MONTH.

JULY, COLUMN OF (Fr. Colonne de juillet). A fluted column of bronze, on the Place de la Bastille in Paris, dedicated on July 28, 1840, to the "French citizens who fought for the defense of the public liberties on the memor. able days of the 27th, 28th, and 29th of July, 1830." The column rests on a round base of white marble. Its square basement bears the inscription, a lion in relief by Barye, the armorial bearings of the city, and the dates of the conflicts. Four bands encircle the column, bearing the names of the 615 who fell in the Revolution. Their remains, together with those of the victims of the Revolution of 1848, are contained in the vaults beneath the column. In 1871 the Communists attempted to blow up the column by means of explosives stored in the vaults, and in the sewer beneath, but were unsuccessful. The top of the column, 154 feet above the Place, commands a fine view of the surrounding neighborhood.

JULY REVOLUTION. The revolution of

July, 1830, in Paris which overthrew the Bourbon dynasty and brought the House of Orleans in the person of Louis Philippe to the throne of France. The policy of reaction following the Restoration, prominent during the reign of Louis XVIII. (1814-24), had become triumphant under his successor, Charles X., the creature of the clerical faction and the extremists. The royalists were indemnified for their losses during the Revoregain their legal position in France, public edulution, the Jesuits made formidable attempts to cation was under clerical supervision, and vigorous measures were enacted against the liberty of the press. Forced for the moment to accept a moderate Ministry under Martignac (1828), Charles X. boldly challenged liberal opinion in the country by calling to the head of affairs Count Jules Polignac, noted as the most bigoted of the advisers of the King (August 9, 1829). Early in March, 1830, the French Chambers assembled, and the Lower House, in its answer to the speech from the throne, demanded the immediate dismissal of the new Ministers. Thereupon the Chambers were first prorogued for six months and then dissolved, but the new elections only increased the numbers of the opposition. Suddenly, on July 26th, a few days before the new legislature was to assemble, edicts were promulgated suspending the liberty of the press, declaring the elections null and void, and prescribing various changes in the franchise, which would

have left little of a parliamentary system. The newspapers at once took up the challenge, and on July 27th there was some fighting in Paris. On the 28th the eastern section of Paris was filled with barricades; the insurgents took possession of the city hall and Notre Dame Cathedral, and hoisted over them the tricolor. In vain the royal troops, who were under the command of Marmont, captured the different barricades; they were at once rebuilt. The soldiers, worn out with their exertions and the heat, fired upon from the windows and pelted with everything imaginable, abandoned the east of Paris and retreated. By July 29th the whole of Paris was in the hands of the insurrectionists, who had as their leaders the veteran Lafayette and Laffitte, and only then did Charles X. withdraw his Ordinances, and order the Duke of Montemart to form a new Ministry. But the decree was sent to Paris from Saint-Cloud, where the Court was, by messengers who had no written guarantee. Before they could return with this the adherents of the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe, had acted, and demanded by means of placards posted everywhere that he should be made King. They had been long intriguing in secret under the leadership of Talleyrand, the old Minister of Napoleon I., who felt himself slighted by the Bourbons, whose restoration had to a great extent been his work. Now the Orleanists felt that their time had come, and late in the night of July 30th Louis Philippe arrived in Paris, and early the next morning was made lieutenant-general of the realm. But the Orleanists, led by Thiers and the banker Laffitte, were opposed by Lafayette, the commander of the restored National Guard, and the municipal committee, who were Republicans. Louis Philippe, however, won them over, and when Charles X., after abdicating in favor of his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, fled, the success of Louis Philippe was assured, and on August 7th the crown was voted to him by the Chambers. The chief effect of the July Revolution was to remove the clerical influence in the administration. See FRANCE.

In other countries of Europe the July Revolution caused serious disturbance. The first State to be influenced was Holland. Belgium for some time before 1814 had been united to France, but by the Congress of Vienna it had been handed over to Holland. A revolt broke out there, which finally resulted in the independence of Belgium (q.v.). In Poland there was a violent uprising against Russian rule, which was only suppressed after heavy fighting. (See POLAND; RUSSIA.) In some other States there were revolutionary movements on a somewhat smaller scale, for which see GERMANY; ITALY. Consult: Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire générale, vol. x. (Paris, 1898) Fyffe, History of Modern Europe, vol. ii. (London, 1886); Seignobos, A Political History

of Europe Since 1814. English translation by

Macvane (New York, 1899).

JUMBO. A famous African elephant of gigantic size, captured when young and at three years of age transferred from the Jardin des Plantes in Paris to the Royal Zoölogical Gardens in London. For twenty-three years the animal was a great favorite with English children, and his purchase by P. T. Barnum in 1882 for $10,000 provoked a general protest. The animal was with difficulty placed on a steamer and brought to America, where for three years he VOL. XI.-22.

formed one of the chief attractions of Barnum's circus. He was killed in 1885 while crossing a railroad track in Canada. Jumbo was 11 feet 6 inches in height, and weighed 6 tons. His skeleton is preserved in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, and his skin is mounted and stands in the Barnum Museum of Natural History at Tufts College.

JUMET, zhōō'mā'. A town of Hainault, Belgium, three miles northwest of Charleroi, of which it is an important industrial suburb. It has extensive coal-mines, glass-making and other manufacturing establishments. Population, in 1900, 25,937; in 1905, 26,447.

JUMILLA, Hoo-melyȧ. A town of the Province of Murcia, Spain, situated on the river Juá, about 37 miles northwest of Murcia (Map: Spain, E 3). It is built at the foot of a hill on which are the ruins of a castle, and it has two handsome churches in Corinthian and Ionic architecture. The vine is well cultivated in the vicinity, and the town has some manufactures of soap and brandy. Population, in 1887, 14,334; in 1900, 15,868.

JUM'NA, or JAMNA (Skt. Yamuna). A river in India, the principal tributary of the Upper Ganges, rising among the Jumnotri peaks in the Western Himalayas, at an altitude of about 12,000 feet (Map: India, D 3). It flows at first south and then southeast through the United Provinces of Agra, emptying into the Ganges at Allahabad. Its length is about 860 miles, and it receives a number of large tributaries, chiefly from the right, among which are the Chumbul, the Betwa, and the Ken. While so shallow as to be unsuited for navigation, the Jumna is of some importance owing to the Eastern and Western Jumna canals, which are fed by its waters and are used by light river craft and for purposes of irrigation. Both of them rejoin the Jumna at Delhi. In the upper half of its course the Jumna occupies a more prominent position than the Ganges itself, both historically and politically. It was the first to obstruct the path of every early invader from the northwest; hence on its banks were built Agra and Delhi, the two capitals of the Moslem conquerors of India.

JUMONVILLE, zhy'môn'vêl', N. COULON DE (1725-54). A French officer who fought in Canada. He joined his brother, a captain, in New France, and was himself the ensign in command of a scouting party of thirty-five men sent out from Fort Duquesne, the new post built by the French at the head of the Ohio River, to spy upon and if possible warn off an English expedition under Washington. The French and English were still nominally at peace, but these two parties had a skirmish in the woods (1754), in which Jumonville was killed, and this trifling engagement was the opening of the French and Indian War.

JUMPERS. A name given to certain Welsh Methodists, who indulged in leaping, dancing, and other bodily agitations in connection with their religious worship, citing in support of their practice such passages as II. Sam. vi. 16; Luke i. 41; Acts iii. 8. They are said to have originated in the congregations of Whitefield about 1760, and to have had followers among the

color above and white underneath, and has a very long tail. It is limited to the eastern half of the United States; but similar species exist in Western North America and in Europe.

Quakers and Irvingites. They were also called Barkers, because they accompanied the leaping and dancing with groans and incoherent utterances. Discountenanced in England, they emigrated to the United States. Consult: Evans, Sketch of the Denominations of the Christian World (London, 1811); Tyerman, Life of John Wesley, vol. ii. (London, 1870).-The name Jumpers is also given to a Russian fanatical sect whose alleged religious services consist in extraordinary leaping, and are accompanied with physical exercises.

JUMPING BEAN. The seed of any one of several euphorbiaceous plants, including Sebastiania bilocularis, Sebastiania Palmeri, and Sebastiania Pringlei, and Colliguaja odorifera (or Croton colliguaja), when infested by the fullgrown larva of a small gray tortricid moth (Carpacapsa saltitans). The seeds are somewhat triangular, and not only roll from side to side, but move by jerks and jumps. The movements are produced by a plump whitish larva which occupies about one-fifth of the interior, the seed in fact being but a hollow shell lined with silk which the larva has spun. Late in the winter the larva cuts a circular door through the seed, strengthens it with silk and transforms to pupa, the moth soon afterwards pushing its way through the prepared door. The larva of another moth (Grapholitha sebastiania) infests the seeds of Sebastiania Palmeri and produces similar movements. These plants and insects are natives of Central and South America, and the imported seeds are frequently called 'Mexican jumping beans,' and, in the Southwestern United States, broncho beans.'

JUMPING FISH. See MUD-SKIPPER.

JUMPING FROG OF CALAVERAS, THE CELEBRATED. A sketch by Mark Twain (1867), written for the Californian. It was his first work to attract wide attention.

JUMPING HARE. A South African rodent (Pedetes caffer), the 'springhaas' of the Dutch colonists, which is placed near the jerboas in systems of zoology, but considerably differs from them in that it is larger-as big as a rabbit. It is the sole representative of the family Pedetidæ. The head much resembles that of a hare, although the ears are shorter; the form of the body is also like that of a hare, but the hind legs are very long and strong, like those of a kangaroo, and the toes both of fore and hind feet are armed with great claws. Its powers of leaping are extraordinary; it clears 20 or 30 feet at a bound. Night is the time of activity, and it makes mischievous inroads on fields and gardens. Its flesh is eaten.

JUMPING MOUSE. One of the most common, interesting, and widespread of North American wild mice (Zapus Hudsonius), scientifically regarded as a jerboa. (See JERBOA, and Plate of MICE AND JERBOAS.) It takes its name also that of 'kangaroo mouse'-from the long and strong hind legs, and its habit of running in long leaps. It inhabits brushy places by preference, and lays up no store in winter, but constructs a warm, ball-like nest, placed in some thick bush or often within an abandoned bird's nest, where it hibernates during the cold months in a dormancy more profound than that of any other American animal. It is a yellowish-grizzle

JUMPING PLANT-LOUSE.

An hemipterous insect of the family Psyllidæ, distinguished from the true aphids by the swollen hind thighs, giving this insect its power as a jumper, by the two-jointed feet, and by antennæ with eight or nine joints. Many of the species live exposed upon the leaves of trees and plants, like the pear-tree Psylla, while others form galls in which they live, such as several of the species which feed upon the hackberry. Most of the jumping plant-lice secrete quantities of honeydew (q.v.). The eggs of Psylla pyricola (and probably of many other species) are attached to a leaf by a short arm, and each has a long hairlike stalk projecting from its end. There are several generations each year, and the adults hibernate.

JUMPING SHREW. An African shrew of the family Macroscelidæ, so called because of the large hind legs and leaping method of progression. The group are also known as elephantshrews (q.v.). The family is represented in all parts of Africa, but not elsewhere, and the most remarkable species are those of the South African genus Rhynchocyon, some of which reach a length of eight inches, besides the long, scaly tail. Their noses are prolonged into tubular nostrils almost as flexible as the trunk of an elephant. They inhabit dry, rocky places, are not numerous, and little is known of their habits.

JUMPING SPIDERS. Any of the mediumsized spiders with short legs of the family Attidæ. They capture their prey by leaping upon it. Many of them are brightly colored, and live in open places among the tops of low plants. They walk backward or sidewise as well as forward, and some of them jump great distances. They do not spin webs, but some of the species fix a thread to the point from which they leap, so that, should they miss their aim, they will not fall far. Some of the species are very common, and may be seen hunting on foliage, fences, on almost any exposed surface. Consult Emerton, Common Spiders (Boston, 1902).

or

JUNAGARH, joo'nå-gür'. A native Gujarat State of the Kathiawar Peninsula, Bombay, India. Area, 3283 square miles. Population, estimated at 381,000. The surface generally is level, diversified to the north by the Girnar and Datar Hills, with a maximum altitude of 3500 feet. Cotton and cereals are cultivated. Junagarh ranks as a first-class native State, and its alliance with Great Britain dates from 1808, when the then chief agreed with the Bombay Government to oppose piracy and allow free commerce with British vessels on the payment of stipulated duties. Capital, Junagarh (q.v.).

JUNAGARH. The capital of the native Gujarat State of the same name in the Bombay Presidency, India (Map: India, B 4). It is situated on the Rajputana Railway, 45 miles north of Verawal, on the Arabian Sea. It is an attractive town from historic and scenic standpoints, with a picturesque background formed by the popular excursion and shooting grounds of the Girnar and Datar Hills. Its royal tombs and Buddhist caves are of particular archæological interest, as are also the Uparkot, an ancient

citadel of the great Asoka (B.C. 250), and the town fortifications, built in 1472. The modern buildings include the Nawab's palace and the College of Arts, the latter dating from 1900. The town contains fine modern shops and stores. Population, in 1891, 31,610; in 1901, 24,251. Consult Burgess, The Antiquities of Cutch and Kathiawar (London, 1887).

JUN'CO (Neo-Lat., of uncertain derivation). The generic, and now the popular, name for the so-called 'black' snow-birds of the United States familiar in winter. Half a dozen species are named, besides several subspecies, all of which intergrade with one another in a most perplexing manner. One well-marked species (Junco hyemalis) belongs to the Eastern United States, but all the others are residents of the mountainous portions of Mexico and the Western United States. All are small finches, dark slate or ashy above and more or less white below and the beaks white. The nests are built on or near the ground, of grasses, mosses, and rootlets, and are often lined with hairs. The eggs are from four to five in number, bluish white, speckled at the larger end with brown. The common junco of the East is grayish slate color on the head, back, throat, and breast, and pure white on the belly, the contrast between the two colors being very sharp; the two outer tail feathers are white and are conspicuous when the bird flies. It is a common winter visitor as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and a summer resident from northern New York and Minnesota northward and in the mountains as far south as the Carolinas. It

breeds in a nest on the ground, hidden among

thickets. See Plate of SPARROWS.

JUNCTION CITY. A city and the countyseat of Geary County, Kan., 139 miles by rail west of Kansas City, at the confluence of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, which here unite in the Kansas River; on the Union Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Kansas, F 2). It is a shipping point for grain, flour, live stock, and produce from the surrounding country, and has extensive limestone quarries. Fort Riley (q.v.), a large Government military post, is three miles east of the city. The government, as provided under general laws, is vested in a mayor, who is elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The city owns and operates its water-works. Junction City was settled in 1858, and was chartered as a city the following year. Population, in 1900, 4695; in 1905, 5264.

JUNE. See CALENDAR.

JUNE, JENNIE. The pseudonym of the American writer Jane Cunningham Croly (q.v.).

JUNEAU, jõō-no. The capital of the Territory of Alaska, in the Southern District, 100 miles north by east of Sitka; on Gastineau Channel, opposite Douglas Island (Map: Alaska, N 6). The centre of important mining interests, it enjoys a considerable trade as an outfitting point, having several large mercantile establishments, and exports gold, furs, curios, etc. There are iron-works, cigar-factories, saw-mills, breweries, and bottling-works. The Silver Bow mines, the noted Treadwell gold-mine, and villages of the Taku and Auk Indians, with a native cemetery, are points of interest in the vicinity. The city has the United States Land Office for Alaska,

and there are electric lights and water-works, a good system of public schools, a court-house, and cable communication with the outside world. It was settled in 1880. The capital was moved from Sitka to Juneau in 1906. Population, in 1890, 1253; in 1900, 1864.

JUNEAU, LAURENT SOLOMON (1793-1856). An American pioneer, founder of Milwaukee, Wis., born in L'Assumption Parish, Canada. He early went to Green Bay, then a point of importance, and in 1818 to Milwaukee as an Indian trader. Numerous settlers had preceded him, among them one Mirandeau, a gunsmith, who took up residence in 1795. To Mirandeau cession was made by the Indians of a large tract of land previous to its transfer to the United States Government by treaty. Mirandeau's death occurred in 1820, when his affairs were yet unsettled, and Juneau obtained possession of the original Indian grant. He executed the first survey of the village, built its first bridge, and was its first postmaster and president. Subsequently he was also first Mayor of the city. He donated the ground for the first public square in Milwaukee, and with M. L. Martin built there the first courthouse in Wisconsin. Unskilled in financial matters, he afterwards lost possession of his lands and the wealth thereby represented. In 1884 a bronze statue of him was erected in Juneau Park, overlooking Lake Michigan. MILWAUKEE, History.

See

JUNE BEETLE. A name in the Southern United States for a green and brown cetonian eater' (q.v.). The term is also occasionally apbeetle (Allorhina nitida), also known as 'figplied in the North to the scarabæid beetles of the genus Lachnosterna, which, however, are more properly called May beetles. (See JUNE BUG.) The June beetle is a native of the Southern and Central United States, and in its adult condition feeds upon ripe figs, peaches, pears, plums, and small fruits, such as rasp berries and blackberries. It also feeds occasion ally on ears of corn, and sucks the sap exuding from wounds in the branches of trees. It is nearly as beautiful in color as some of the metallic Brazilian beetles which have been used in jewelry, and is a favorite plaything with children, who tie strings to the body and let the beetles fly with a humming noise. In its larval condition it is a white grub, closely resembling the white grubs of the Northern States, but is not nearly so injurious. The white grubs of the June beetle live at or below the surface of the ground, and frequently occur in countless numbers in grass lawns, in strawberry and celery beds, and every

where where the soil is very rich and the vegetation is vigorous. It is doubtful, however, whether they do any serious damage. Their normal food is decaying vegetation-soil humus. They may occasionally cut off the root of a plant, but are surely not especially injurious in grass lands. although of some damage to celery by soiling the stalks. Where June beetles are numerous and are damaging ripe fruit, they may be attracted in numbers to a little heap of spoiled fruit which has been sprinkled with Paris green, and thus may be destroyed.

JUNE BERRY. A North American edible fruit and the tree named from it. See AMELAN

CHIER.

JUNE BUG, or MAY BEETLE. Any one of the large, clumsy scarabæid beetles of the genus Lachnosterna, common in the United States. The adult beetles often do considerable damage to the foliage of young fruit and shade trees, swarming after dark and feeding upon the young leaves, especially in the months of May and June. They are commonly attracted to lamp-light, and are familiar objects in houses in the evenings during early summer, buzzing about the light and white walls and frequently falling to the floor. The larvæ are large white grubs which live beneath the surface of the soil and damage the roots of grasses and other plants. When numerous they are very injurious to the sod of lawns and meadows, cutting off the roots just below the surface of the ground, so that a close sod may be rolled up like a carpet. The best remedy against the larvæ consists in washing a dilute kerosene soap emulsion down into the ground, and for the adults in attracting them to lights placed over pans containing kerosene.

JUNE GRASS. A meadow grass especially valuable for limestone soils. See BLUE GRASS. JUNG, zhẽn, HENRI FÉLIX THEODORE (1833 -). A French general and writer upon military subjects, born in Paris. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, entered the artillery in 1853, and spent the next five years in Africa. After taking part in the campaign in Italy, where he was awarded the cross of the Legion of Honor for gallantry at Solferino, he entered the Council of the War Minister Leboeuf (1869), but returned to active service during the Franco-Prussian War, rose in his profession till he became brigadiergeneral in 1887, and was appointed Governor of Dunkirk, but retired in 1891. His publications include a number of works upon the science of warfare such as Le dépôt de la guerre (1872), and La république et l'armée (1892), as well as Bonaparte et son temps (1880-81), Lucien Bonaparte et ses mémoires (1882-83), and a biography of Dubois-Crancé (1884).

JUNG, yoong, JUNGE, or JUNGIUS, JoaCHIM (1587-1657). A German mathematician and natural philosopher, born at Lübeck. He was educated at Rostock, was professor of mathematics at Giessen in 1609-14, obtained his doctorate in medicine at Padua in 1618, and became professor of mathematics at Rostock in 1624. In 1628 he was appointed rector of the Hamburg Johanneum, and resigned the post in 1640. As a philosopher he had little significance. In natural science he concerned himself with physics, and more particularly with entomology and botany. He was the first to attempt a classification of plants by genera and species, and antedated Linnæus in a scheme of nomenclature. After long neglect, attention was called to him by Goethe. His chief work is his Doroscopic Physica Minoris, seu Isagoge Physica Doxoscopia, in qua Præcipuæ Opiniones in Physica passim Receptæ, Breviter Quidem sed Accuratissime Examinatur (1662). Consult: Martini Fogelii Memoria J. Jungii (Hamburg, 1657); Goethes Fragmente über Jungius (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1850); Avé-Lallemant, Des Dr. Jungius' Briefwechsel (Lübeck, 1863); id., Das Leben des Dr. Jungius (Breslau, 1882).

JUNG, Sir SALAR (1829-83). An East Indian prince, Premier of the Deccan from 1853. For more than a century his family had occupied the highest positions of State, and Salar began his official career as assistant and successor to his uncle. He found civil and military affairs in a most disorderly condition when he came into power, but he succeeded in reorganizing them, and by keeping Hyderabad quiet during the mutiny he saved the dominion from annexation to British India, except the Province of Berar, which the Nizam had given up in return for the English gold granted to pay his own troops. He was made Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, and visited England in 1876.

It

JUNGBUNZLAU, yöōng-boonts 'lou. A town of Bohemia, situated near the Iser, 31 miles northeast of Prague (Map: Austria, D 1). is divided into the old and new towns and two suburbs. There are an old and a new town hall, a castle built in the tenth century by Boleslas II. (now used as barracks), a hospital, a Piarist college, and a gymnasium. The town manufactures earthenware, glass, woolens, starch, spirits, and soap. Population, in 1890, 11,500; in 1900, 13,500.

JUNGFRAU, yoong'frou (Ger., Maiden). A pyramidal peak of the Finsteraarhorn group in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, situated on the southern boundary of the Canton of Bern, eight miles west of the Finsteraarhorn (Map: Switzerland, B 2). Its height is 13,670 feet, and it falls steeply on the north and east, its slender and majestic form, and the pure whiteness of the snow with which it is covered, having given it its name. It was first ascended in 1811 by two Swiss gentlemen. In recent years the ascent has been made frequently. The construction of an electric railroad to the summit has been in progress for about eight years, and a large section is already open to the public. The greater part of the ascent will be through a tunnel.

JUNGFRAU VON ORLEANS, fôn ôr'lâ'äN', DIE (Ger., The Maid of Orleans). A noted romantic tragedy by Schiller, completed in 1801. The play follows the historical account of Joan of Arc's career, but departs from it in depicting her death, which is brought about by forgetfulness of her vow of devotion and the growth of her love for Lionel. Overcome by the consciousness of her weakness, she wanders aimlessly until she is taken by the enemy, refuses Lionel's proffered protection, and after breaking her bonds rushes into the thick of the battle, and falls with a triumphant cry.