East India Company erected a monument to his memory in Saint Paul's Cathedral, and a statue in Bengal. A complete edition of his works in six volumes was published by Lady Jones in 1799; and another appeared in 13 volumes (London, 1804-07), with a life of the author by Lord Teignmouth.

JONES, WILLIAM, OF NAYLAND (1726-1800). An English divine. He was born at Lowick, Northamptonshire, educated at the Charterhouse and University College, Oxford; ordained priest (1751); became successively curate of Finedon, vicar of Bethersden, rector of Pluckley, Paston, and perpetual curate of Nayland (1777). He adopted, while at Oxford, the philosophy of Hutchinson, and subsequently advocated it with great erudition and ingenuity. He was a man of vast learning, an able theologian, and a proficient in music, and one of the most prominent in the High Church Party of his day. He wrote with vigor against the principles disseminated during the French Revolution, and illustrated by it. He wrote treatises on music and composed anthems, and founded the British Critic (1793). A complete collection of his works was published in 12 volumes in 1801, with a short life by W. Stevens (new edition in 6 vols., 1810).

JONESBORO, jōnz'bur-ô. A city and the county-seat of Craighead County, Ark., 64 miles northwest of Memphis, Tenn.; on the Saint Louis and San Francisco, the Saint Louis Southwestern, and the Jonesboro, Lake City and Eastern railroads (Map: Arkansas, E 2). It is a manufac turing centre of some importance, having flouring and lumber mills, and box, wagon, heading, and stave factories. Settled in 1870 and incorporated in 1882, Jonesboro is governed under a charter of 1892 which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 2065; in 1900, 4508.

JONESBORO. A city and the county-seat of Clayton County, Ga., about 22 miles south of Atlanta; on the Central of Georgia Railroad (Map: Georgia, B 2). Population, in 1890, 803; in 1900, 877. Here in August, 1864, was fought a stubborn battle between the Federal General Howard, at the head of a portion of General Sherman's army then besieging Atlanta, and the Confederate General Hardee, commanding about half of the army which, under General Hood, was endeavoring to hold that city. Howard had been sent to destroy the railroad at this point, and Hardee at 2 P.M. on the 31st made an attempt to drive him across Flint River, but was repulsed with considerable loss, and forced to retreat. This victory placed the Federals in control of the Macon road, and compelled General Hood hurriedly to evacuate Atlanta. The loss of the FedIerals in killed, wounded, and missing was about 500; that of the Confederates, while never actually ascertained, was probably over 2000. Consult: Sherman's Memoirs (2 vols., New York, 1875); and Cox's Atlanta (New York, 1882) in the "Campaigns of the Civil War Series."

JONGE, yong'e, JOHANNES CORNELIUS DE 1793-1853). A Dutch historian, born at Zierikzee and educated at Leyden. There he became acquainted with Van Wijn, whose assistant he was until 1831, when he succeeded his master as keeper of the Dutch archives. Jonge had shown his patriotism by volunteering for the Hundred Days, and in his later years he held various repre

sentative offices. His historical works form the actual basis of Dutch history; they include: Verhandeling over dem oorsprong der Hoeksche en Kabeljaauwsche twisten (1817); Het derde Staat in de Statenvergaderingen (1824); the great work, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen (1833-48; 2d ed. 1858); and a biography of Van Wijn (1832).

JONGLEUR, zhôn'gler' (OF., from ML. joculator, jester, juggler, from Lat. joculari, to jest, juggle, from joculus, diminutive of jocus, jest, joke). A title given in France during the Middle Ages to members of a class of public entertainers or minstrels, who wandered from place to place singing, as a rule, the compositions of others, though some confusion is occasionally found between the functions of the jongleur and the troubadour (q.v.). The jongleur, however, was of a lower and purely mercenary class.

JÖNKÖPING, yen'che-ping. A town of Sweden at the southern extremity of Lake Wetter. It is regularly and well built, and is beautifully situated among lakes and pine-clad hills (Map: Sweden, F 8). It is one of the most important industrial towns of Sweden, and is known throughout the world for its manufactures of matches. Other important products are paper and wood-pulp, arms and machinery. The maritime trade is considerable. Jönköping is an ancient town dating from legendary times; it received its town charter in 1284. Population, in 1901, 23,143; in 1905, 23,310.

JON'QUIL (Fr. jonquille, from Lat. juncus, reed). A name given to certain species of Narcissus (q.v.) with rush-like leaves. The common

A CULTIVATED JONQUIL.

jonquil (Narcissus jonquilla), a native of the south of Europe, is one of the most common bulbous-rooted plants in flower-borders. It has from two to six yellow flowers at the summit of its scape (leafless stem). The sweet-scented jonquil (Narcissus odorus), also a native of the south of Europe, is another species very generally cultivated. Like other species of Narcissus, these,

are readily grown in forcing houses. The flowers are used in the manufacture of perfumes. All varieties are ordinarily increased by bulbels. New varieties are obtained from seeds.

(1573?-1637).

JON'SON, BENJAMIN (BEN) An English dramatist, born probably at Westminster in 1573. His grandfather belonged to one of the Johnstone families of Annandale. His

father, who was a 'minister,' died a month before the dramatist's birth; and his mother soon married a 'master-bricklayer' living near Charing

Cross. Ben was sent to Westminster School at the expense of William Camden, then second master there, and a famous scholar, to whom he was surely indebted for the beginnings of his solid learning. It is commonly stated, on the authority of Fuller, that from Westminster he proceeded to Saint John's College, Cambridge. For the assertion there is, however, no real evidence. After he had won a name in letters, Jon

son received from each university the degree of M.A., but-in his own words-"by their favour, not his studie." He was taken from school and put to the craft of his stepfather. Disliking this occupation, he went to the Low Countries, where he joined the English troops against Spain. While there he killed one of the enemy in view of both armies. He returned to England about 1592, and "betook himself to his wonted studies." Near this time, he also married a "wife who was a shrew yet honest." Precisely when he began writing for the stage is not known; but the date is probably not earlier than 1595. Two years later he was both actor and playwright in Henslowe's company. In 1598 he wrote a tragedy for this company, and was mentioned by Meres as one of "the best for tragedy." These plays are lost. His first extant play is the famous Every Man in His Humour, performed by Lord Chamberlain's servants, at the Globe Theatre, in September, 1598. Shakespeare himself played a part in this first noteworthy English comedy of character. While the play was on the stage, Jonson quarreled with an actor in Henslowe's company named Gabriel Spenser, and killed him in a duel (September 22d). He was imprisoned for a short time; but by pleading benefit of clergy, he escaped with branding on the left thumb and loss of goods and chattels. The next year Jonson produced Every Man Out of His Humour, and perhaps had already written The Case is Altered, an adaptation of Plautus. During the next fifteen years he brought out Cynthia's Revels (1600); The Poetaster (1601); Sejanus, a tragedy (1603); Catiline, a tragedy (1611); and his greatest comedies: Volpone (1605); Epicone, or the Silent Woman, best of all (1609); The Alchemist (1610); and Bartholomew Fair (1614). In 1616 came a poorer comedy, The Devil is an Ass. The regular stage Jonson now forsook for ten years; and his later comedies have little interest. At his death he left fragments of a beautiful pastoral, The Sad Shepherd, or a Tale of Robin

Hood.

With the accession of James he had begun for the Court a series of festive performances which he classed as entertainments, barriers, and masques. They had respectively, as the centre of interest, a complimentary speech, a mock tournament, and a masqued dance. They were presented with elaborate machinery furnished by Inigo Jones. But the general plan and the verse, often exquisite, were Jonson's. Besides masques, Jon

son also composed many poems. Scattered through his comedies, written mostly in prose, are well-known songs, as "Still to be neat, still to be drest." But his larger poetic fame rests upon his charming epigrams (short poems embodying one idea), and the collections entitled The Forest and Underwoods. Unsurpassed of their kind are the lines On Lucy, Countess of Bedford, and the Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke. And in a series of essays called Discoveries, he displayed his solid character and ripe

wisdom.

During these years Jonson lived a varied life. His combativeness led to "many quarrels" with Marston, one of his collaborators, whom he "beat," and satirized, in conjunction with Dekker, in the Poetaster. When, in 1604, Chapman and Marston were sent to prison for certain passages in their Eastward Ho, offensive to the Court, Jonson who had a slight hand in the play, voluntarily joined them. The next year he was also imprisoned with Chapman. But for the most part he enjoyed the favor of the King, whom he pleased by his masques and in other ways. 1616 he was granted a royal pension of 100 marks, afterwards raised to £200, and might have been knighted, it is said, had he wished. In

In

1613 he was abroad with the son of Sir Walter Ralegh, to whose History of the World he contributed the account of the Punic wars. In the summer of 1618 he traveled on foot to Scotland, returning the next year. He visited the poet Drummond at Hawthornden, about 11 miles from Edinburgh, in conversations with whom he spoke very freely of his contemporaries, and of his own early life. His friends among the aristocracy were many, especially among the Sidneys. From the Earl of Pembroke he received every year £20 to buy books. Convivial by nature, he ruled as monarch at the hostelries where gathered poets and dramatists, first at the Mermaid and then at the Devil Tavern. Of Shakespeare, who no doubt was one of his early associates, he said late in life: "I loved the man and do honour his memory, on this side idolatry, as much as any." He died August 6, 1637, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his tombstone bears the inscription, "O rare Ben Jonson." Jonson's work is the best representation of classic ideals in the English drama, adapting to contemporary life the spirit of ancient comedy. His aim was to depict for ridicule and satire the "humours" of society, that is, affectations in conduct, dress, and speech. His comedies he aptly described as "comical satires."

The first volume of the first folio edition of Jonson's Works, as revised by himself, was published in 1616. Every Man in His Humour, as published in 1601, was Italian in setting. In the folio of 1616 it first appeared as now generally known, with its scene shifted to London and the names of the characters in English. The second volume of the first folio appeared in instalments between 1630 and 1641. The only critical edi tion in the nineteenth century was that of Gifford, 9 vols. (London, 1816; revised by Cunningham, 1875). It is not a careful piece of work. Selected plays, edited by B. Nicholson, with an introduction by C. H. Herford, were published in the Mermaid Series (London, 1894).

BIBLIOGRAPHY. The main source for Jonson's life is Conversations with Drummond, ed. by Laing, Shakespeare Society (London, 1842). Con

sult, also, Ward, A History of English Dramatic Literature, revised ed. (London, 1899); Fleay, English Drama (London, 1891); Koeppel, Quel len-Studien zu den Dramen Ben Jonsons (Leipzig, 1895); Soergel, Die Englischen Maskenspiele (Halle, 1882); Dryden, Essay on Dramatic Poesy (1668); Symonds, Life of Jonson (in English Worthies Series, London, 1886); and Swinburne, Study of Jonson (ib., 1889).

JONSSON, yon'son, FINNUR (1704-89). An Icelandic bishop and historian. He was born at Hitardal, was educated at the University of Copenhagen, and was appointed Bishop of Skalholt in 1754. Of his numerous works in Latin and Icelandic the most valuable is Historia Ecclesiastica Islandica (4 vols., 1772-79).

JOPLIN. A city and one of the county-seats of Jasper County, Mo., 155 miles south of Kansas City; on the Kansas City Southern, the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis and San Francisco, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Missouri, B 4). It is of considerable commercial importance as the distributing point for a large agricultural district, but is known principally for its extensive mining interests, being the trade centre of the vast zinc and lead fields of southwestern Missouri. The output of the mining district in 1905 was valued at $13,302,800; for 1906, the estimated value was $15,000,000. The industrial establishments include smelting-works, paint-works, white-lead works, large foundries and machine-shops, wagon factory, and flouringmills. Among the more notable structures are the court-house, the opera house, several hotels, the Young Men's Christian Association building, a Federal Government building ($155,000), and a Carnegie library. The government is administered, under the general statutes of 1889, revised in 1899, by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The board of education constitutes an independent department, consisting of six members, two elected each year on a separate ticket. Of the other officials, the marshal (chief of police), city attorney, police judge, treasurer, assessor, and collector are chosen by popular election; the city counselor, clerk, engineer, and president of the council are elected by the council; and the sewer inspector, police, firechief, firemen, and street commissioners are appointed by the executive, subject to the consent of the council. The light plant is owned by the municipality. The city has an assessed valuation of $7,000,000, while its debt is less than 2 per cent. of this amount. Settled about 1870, Joplin was first incorporated in 1873. Since 1890 it has grown rapidly. Population, in 1880, 7038; in 1890, 9943; in 1900, 26,023; in 1906 (local cen.), 40,096.

JOPPA (Heb. Yaphō, beauty). The biblical name of the seaport of Jerusalem, the modern Jaffa. It was a very ancient Phoenician town and was fabled to be the place where Andromeda (q.v.) was chained to the rock. It is mentioned in Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions. In the Old Testament it is referred to as part of the lot of Dan (Joshua xix. 46), as the place where timber from Lebanon was landed for transportation to Jerusalem (II. Chron. ii. 16; Ezra iii. 7), and the port at which Jonah took passage for Tarshish (Jonah i. 3). It was the home of Dorcas (Acts ix. 36-42), and at the house of Simon the tanner Peter received the vision which

he interpreted to mean that Gentiles as well as Jews were to be admitted to the Christian Church (Acts x. 1-23). Joppa was a point of importance and suffered much in the Maccabean and Roman wars. It was made a bishop's see under Constantine, and attained great prosperity in the time of the Crusades, when it became one of the landingplaces of the warriors of Christendom. It was stormed by the French in 1799, and a shameful massacre of Turkish prisoners was then perpetrated. See JAFFA.

Flemish.

JORDAENS, yôr'däns, JACOB (1593-1678). A Flemish historical, genre, and portrait painter, one of the chief masters of the school. He was born at Antwerp, May 19, 1593, the son of a cloth-merchant. He was a pupil of Adam van Noort, the master of Rubens, and remained with that master when his other pupils left him, finally marrying his daughter. In 1615 he was admitted to the Guild of Saint Luke as a painter in water-colors, though most of his work was in oils. He was unable to travel in Italy, as did most Flemish painters of his day; but this had the advantage of making him more essentially He was influenced by Rubens, and associated with him in work, but there is no evidence to show that he was his pupil. Rubens gave him a commission for a series of cartoons for tapestry, which he had received from the King of Spain. Jordaens also painted "Vertumnus and Pomona" for this monarch, as well as a picture for Charles I. of England (1640), and a passion suite for Charles Gustavus of Sweden (1665). In 1652 he decorated the palace of the widow of Frederick Henry of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, near Scheveningen. paintings are his best works. The principal one represents the "Triumph of the Stadtholder," who is seated in a triumphal car drawn by four white horses. It is imposing in effect and Jordaens had a large masterly in treatment. number of pupils, who assisted him in his work, and on the death of Rubens he was considered the chief painter of his time. He had a fine

These mural

house at Antwerp, filled with works of art. Notwithstanding his numerous commissions for the

suffered no little persecution for his faith. He Catholic clergy, he was an ardent Calvinist, and died in Antwerp, October 18, 1678.

The characteristics of the Flemish School, its exaggerated treatment of form and crude humor, painter. Like Rubens, he painted in full light red are more evident in Jordaens than in any other healthy faces, and figures inclined to corpulency. His color was even warmer and more harmonious than that of his great contemporary, and his pictures possess a peculiar and effective golden glow. His excessive realism, however, often descends into coarseness. He was a most prolific painter, his works abounding in all the principal European galleries.

Among his chief religious and mythological paintings are "Christ Chasing the Money Lenders from the Temple" and the "Four Evangelists" in the Louvre; the "Entombment of Christ," the "Last Supper," "Commerce and Industry Protecting the Arts," "Pegasus," the "Divine Law Protecting Human Law," in the Museum of Antwerp; the "Martyrdom of Saint Apollonia," "Saint Charles Borromeus Praying for the Pest-Stricken at Milan," and "Saint James," in the Church of the Augustinians, Antwerp. Others are in the Museum of Brussels, The Hague, Brunswick, Cas

sell, and Madrid. In the Gallery of Dresden there are a "Presentation in the Temple" and "Diogenes Seeking an Honest Man;" at Vienna, "Jupiter and Mercury," with "Philemon and Baucis," one of his best mythological pictures. The Metropolitan Museum in New York possesses three examples, the best of which is a "Holy Family."

His genre pieces are divided into two classes: the first being representations of the Flemish proverb, "As the Old have sung, so twitter the Young"-assemblages of bons vivants eating and making merry, of which there are examples in the Louvre and principal German galleries; the second class, entitled the "Beanfeast," is a representation abounding in coarse humor, the best of which is in the Vienna Gallery. Among his portraits are the powerful likeness of Admiral Ruyter in the Louvre, of himself in the Uffizi, and of a girl at Cobham Hall. Consult Génard, Notice sur Jacob Jordaens (Ghent, 1852).

JOR'DAN (Heb. Yarden; probably connected with Syr. yarda, lake, Ar. wird, watering-place.) The principal river of Palestine, called Esh-Sheriah or Esh-Sheriah el-Kebir by the Arabs. It flows in a southerly direction, and, starting from the mountains in the north of Palestine, passes through the small lake Huleh (the biblical waters of Merom, q.v.) and the Lake of Tiberias or of Genneserat (Sea of Galilee), and enters the northern end of the Dead Sea. The main sources

of the Jordan are three in number; the largest, Nahr Leddan, issues from the mound called Tell el-Kadi (hill of the judge') near ancient Dan; the second, the Nahr Banias, springs from crevices between and from under rocks that choke the mouth of a cave near Banias (the ancient Paneas, Cæsarea Philippi, q.v.); and the third, smallest and most remote, the Nahr Hasbani, rises near Mount Hermon. Uniting their waters above Lake Huleh, these streams give rise to the Jordan. Above Lake Huleh the river is 30 to 100 feet in width, just below the lake about 60 feet, and in the valley between the Lake of Tiberias and the Dead Sea from 90 to 250 feet, and is 540 feet wide at its mouth. In the flood season it reaches a breadth of even two miles. At ordinary times it is fordable in a great many places-in some places even when the river is in flood. Its usual depth between the lake of Tiberias and the Dead Sea is 2 to 3 feet; just below Lake Huleh it is about 15 feet deep; the depth of course increases in the flood season. The river is not navigable. In the flood season dangerous rapids are found. In its course the river makes a steep descent. Lake Huleh is about 7 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, while the Lake of Tiberias is about 680 feet, and the Dead Sea about 1300 feet below that level; so that between Huleh and the Lake of Tiberias the river falls about 69 feet to the mile, between the Lake of Tiberias and the Dead Sea about 9 feet to the mile. It has four

main affluents; the Sheriat el-Menadireh (Hieromax, Yarmuk) and Zerka (Jabbok) on the east; the Jalud and Faria on the west. A little below Huleh the river is crossed by a bridge, the Jisr Benat Yakob,' over which the road from Damascus to Galilee passes, and a few miles below the Lake of Tiberias is another bridge, the Jisr Mujamia. Below the Lake of Tiberias the valley of the Jordan presents a most remarkable formation. Within a larger valley called the Ghor is a smaller valley called the Zor, and through this the Jordan flows. The precipitous ridges which

inclose the valley rise in some places to the height of 3000 or 4000 feet. The width of the Ghor is from somewhat over a mile to sixteen miles, of the Zor from one-half a mile to two miles. The river runs through the Zor in such a tortuous course that its total length is more than 200 miles, although the distance in a straight line is but 65 miles. Near the Dead Sea vegetation does not exist; but the valley above is covered with grass in the rainy season, and tamarisks, acacias, oleanders, etc., abound. Cereals are raised in various parts of the territory traversed by the river, especially barley. The Jordan was first thoroughly explored by Molyneux and Lynch, by the former in 1847 in the dry season, by the latter in 1848, when the river was in flood. The climate in the Jordan Valley, owing to the depression, is tropical, and it has been well described as 'a tropical oasis sunk in the temperate zone.' The name 'Jordan' was regarded by the Hebrews as suggesting the 'swiftly flowing' stream (from yarad, to descend), and hence is always used in Hebrew with the article. Consult: Molyneux, in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xviii. (1848); Lynch, Narrative of the United States Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea (Philadelphia, 1849); Official Report (Washington, 1852); Survey of Western Palestine

(London, 1889); George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land (London, 1897); Libby, The Jordan Valley and Petra (New York, 1905); and the travels in Palestine of Robinson, Porter, Tristram, and others.

JORDAN. A small stream or river of Utah, connecting Utah Lake with the Great Salt Lake (Map: Utah, C 2). It is about forty miles long and used extensively for irrigation.

JORDAN, zhôr'dän', CAMILLE (1771-1821). A French politician, born at Lyons. He became interested in public affairs at a very early age and developed into an active opponent of the French Revolution. He published, in 1792, a satire on the Constitutional Church cleverly entitled Histoire de la conversion d'une dame parisienne. Proscribed by the Directory for his participation in the insurrection of Lyons, he fled to Switzerland and London. Returning to Lyons in 1796, he was chosen in 1797 to the Council of Five Hundred, where he advocated the principles of religious liberty, gaining the nick

name of Jordan les Cloches (Church-bell Jordan). After the Revolution of the 18th Fructidor he went to Germany. In 1800 he was recalled, and opposed the measures of Bonaparte, exposing the frauds in the election of 1802 in a pamphlet, Vrai sens du vote national sur le consulat à vie. He lived in retirement, devoted to literature, until the accession of Louis XVIII. He was elected in 1816 to the Chamber of Deputies and sided with the opposition.

JORDAN, CONRAD N. (1830-1903). An American banker, born in New York City. He learned the printing trade (1843), became a compositor, and in 1852 was appointed to the staff of a New York bank. From 1864 to 1880 he was cashier of another banking establishment there, and in 1880-84 was treasurer of the New York, Ontario and Western Railway Company. In 1885 he was appointed Treasurer of the United States, from which post he resigned in 1887, upon the resignation of Daniel Manning