where is a notable lighthouse. A fine panoramic view of the island is obtained from La Hogue Bie, or Prince's Tower, a building raised on a prehistoric tumulus. Jersey is famous for its breed of cattle. The island gave its name to New Jersey in 1664. It is the seat of a United States consular agent. Population, in 1891, 54,518; in 1901, 52,796. Consult Noury, Géologie de Jersey (Paris, 1887).

JERSEY, THE. The hulk of a 64-gun vessel in Wallabout Bay, Brooklyn, used by the British as a prison ship during the Revolution. The ship was never cleaned, and for seven years was a centre of disease. It held 1200 prisoners. During her use as a prison ship 11,000 died and were buried on the Brooklyn shore. In 1902 the sunken hulk was discovered during operations connected with the building of a dock on the spot. JERSEY BLUE. An American breed of large domestic fowls, having a bluish plumage. The breast and fluff' are light blue; hackle and sickles, blue-black; feet, dark blue. They are not popular, either as table fowls or as egg-producers, but are hardy and easily kept.

JERSEY CATTLE. See CATTLE.

JERSEY CITY. The second largest city of New Jersey, and county-seat of Hudson County; an important railroad point, and a commercial and manufacturing centre (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is on the peninsula formed by the Hudson River on the east and the Hackensack River and Newark Bay on the west, and is opposite New York City, of which it is a suburb, connected by steam ferries. The Morris Canal has its eastern terminus in the city. The Central of New Jersey, the Erie, the Pennsylvania, and the West Shore railroads, whose depots are used by a number of other roads, also terminate here. The steamers of several transatlantic steamship companies sail from this port.

The city occupies an area of 12,228 acres, and includes six small parks which comprise about twenty acres, and a new county park of 200 acres. It has good electric railway service, the lines connecting with Newark, the Oranges, Rutherford, Passaic, Paterson, and towns in Bergen County. There are very few unpaved streets in Jersey City. Many of the avenues on the hill section back of the main portion are noteworthy for beautiful residences. In the western part of the city is the magnificent Hudson County Boulevard, which extends through the entire length of Hudson County, 14 miles, and five miles into Bergen County. Among the more prominent buildings are the city hall, with a soldiers' and sailors' monument; the Fourth Regiment Armory; many new public schools; Saint Francis, Christ, and city hospitals; the public library, containing over 100,000 volumes; a new court-house; and a historical museum, in which are preserved many colonial documents of interest. Hasbrouck Institute, founded in 1856, which now has nearly 400 students, and Saint Peter's College (Roman Catholic), opened in 1878 and at present attended by about 250 students, are well-known institutions of learning. Besides 15 parochial schools, which provide for 12,500 pupils, there are in the city 31 public schools with accommodations for 32,000 pupils and having a property valuation of $3,100,000. There are several convents and a full equipment of asylums, homes, and other charitable

institutions.

Jersey City is almost inclosed by water, thus affording excellent docking facilities, which, with its railroad connections, have aided its development as a shipping and receiving point, though officially it has no identity as a separate port, since its returns are included in those of the customs district of New York. It has also large slaughtering and meat-packing interests and extensive manufactures. The Pennsylvania and Erie railroads have large grain-elevators here, and there are plants of the American Sugar Refining Company and the Lorillard Tobacco factories, which rank with the largest. Among the products of the industrial establishments are soaps and perfumes, candles, crucibles, lead pencils, patent iron dump-carts, compressed gas, glass, locomotives, railroad cars. iron and steel, zinc, copper, boilers, planing-mill, foundry and machinejewelry, and pottery. shop products, chemicals, paints, cordage, oakum,

The government of Jersey City is administered by a mayor, chosen every two years; a unicameral council, and the usual administrative officials, most of whom are appointed by the executive. The board of education consists of 13 members, one from each city ward and one at large, appointed by the executive. The municipal budget for 1905 balances at nearly $8,000,000, the principal items of expenditure being $686,601 for schools; $480,840 for the police department, including jails; $370,000 for the water-works; $360,000 for the care of streets, including street lighting and cleaning, and garbage removal; and $268,060 for the fire department.

Pop., 1850, 6856; 1890, 163,003; 1900, 206,433; 1905, 232,699, including 65,537 persons of foreign birth and 4176 of negro descent.

In 1638 Abraham Isaacson Planck, a Dutchman, bought the land on which Jersey City other Dutchman, Michael Pauw, and from him stands. Later it passed into the hands of an

On

the old name Paulus Hoeck, or Hook, was derived. In 1776 fortifications were thrown up here by the Americans, but were captured later in the year (September) by the British. August 19, 1779, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lee, Light Horse Harry,' with about 200 men, surprised the English garrison, and, with a loss of only two killed and three wounded, secured 159 prisoners, partially destroyed the works, and returned in safety. The exploit is regarded as one of the most brilliant feats of the Revolution. The British retook the place, and remained in In 1804 a possession until the close of the war. town was laid out and incorporated as the "City of Jersey." In 1820 it was reincorporated, this time as Jersey City, but did not become a distinct municipality until 1838. Bergen and Hudson were annexed in 1869, and Greenville in 1873, and a new charter was secured in 1889. Consult: McLean, History of Jersey City (Jersey City, 1895); Eaton, Jersey City and Its Historic Sites (Jersey City, 1899); and article, "The Capture of Paulus Hook," in The Historical Magazine, vol. iv., 2d series (New York).

an

shops, cigar-factories, foundry, etc. Population, in 1890, 1853; in 1900, 3070.

JER/SEYVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Jersey County, Ill., 66 miles southwest of Springfield; on the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis and the Chicago and Alton railroads (Map: Illinois, B 4). It has a public library and a fine court-house. The county fair grounds are located here. The city is the centre of a fertile agricultural region, and carries on a considerable trade in produce, fruit, grain, live stock, etc. Settled in 1839, it was first incorporated in 1867. The government is administered under a revised charter of 1897, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a council. Jerseyville owns its water-works. Population, in 1890, 3207; in 1900, 3517.

JERUSALEM

(Heb. Yerushalayim, Gk. 'lepovratnu, Hierousalem, Lat., Hierosolyma). The chief city of Palestine. The name is of great antiquity, being found on seven of the Tell el-Amarna letters written by Abdi-hiba, ruler of the city, to his master, Amenophis IV. of Egypt c.1400 B.C. The old form was Urusalim. On the inscriptions of the Assyrian kings it is spelled Urusalimmu. The meaning of the word is uncertain. In the early period of their occupation of Canaan the Hebrews also called it the city of the Jebusites' or 'Jebus' (Judges xix. 10-11). The fortified part of the old Jebusite city was also called Zion (cf. II. Sam. v. 7). The city rebuilt on the old site by the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 136) was named by him Ælia Capitolina, but the ancient name continued in The Mohammedans call it el-Kuds, 'the holy. See special map with PALESTINE.

use.

THE MODERN CITY. The dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is located in latitude 31° 46′ 45′′ N., longitude 35° 13′ 25′′ E. The city is distant 33 miles from the Mediterranean and 15 miles from the northern end of the Dead Sea. It is situated on a spur from the main ridge or watershed of Palestine, which runs out eastward for a mile and a half, and then deflects to the south for nearly the same distance. On three sides east, south, and southwest-the city is bounded by deep ravines. The plateau thus formed was originally broken by minor valleys and hills. The highest summit was at the southwest angle. Between this broad western hill and the eastern part of the spur was a valley-the Tyropoon (i.e. 'the cheesemakers'). The eastern hill, with several distinct summits, was somewhat long and narrow, sinking rapidly at its southern end. The three valleys, the Kidron on the east, the Tyropoon in the middle, and that of Hinnom on the south and west of the western hill, unite southeast of the city. At their junction the elevation is about 2000 feet above the sea. The summit of the western hill is over 2500 feet above sea-level, that of the eastern somewhat less. The upper portion of the Tyropoon and several minor ravines are now almost entirely obliterated by the accumulated rubbish of 3000 years' checkered history. The climate of the city is not unhealthful, but the unsatisfactory sanitary conditions produce frequent outbreaks of fever and other epidemics. The mean annual temperature is about 62°, the extremes being 25° and 112°. The annual rainfall averages a little over 23 inches. Jerusalem proper is surrounded by a long and

tortuous wall, built by Soliman the Magnificent in the first half of the sixteenth century, and

practically coinciding with the fortifications of the city at the time of the Crusades. The wall is surmounted by thirty-eight towers, and is pierced by eight gates, of which the most important are the Jaffa Gate in the west, the Lamascus Gate in the northwest, and the newly opened Gate of Abdul-Hamid, a short distance north of the Jaffa Gate. The inner city is divided into four parts. The Mohammedans occupy the northesh-Sherif; the Armenians live in the southwest; eastern and largest portion adjoining the Haram

the Jews in the southeast, and the Christians in The the northwest adjoining the outer city. town is laid out irregularly and the space unThe streets are narrow, equally distributed. tortuous, and dirty. The Jerusalem of the present, with its mercantile houses, hotels, stores, various educational and philanthropical institutions, has very little suggesting the city of the past. The historical interest of the city centres around the Haram esh-Sherif (the site of the Temple; see TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM; OMAR, MOSQUE OF), the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Via Dolorosa (q.v.). Of the modern religious edifices may be mentioned the Latin Patriarchal Church, the German Church of the Redeemer, the French Church of Saint Anne, the Coptic and the Franciscan monasteries, and the Armenian patriarchal buildings. The outer town, which has grown up since 1858 to the northwest of the old city, contains many Christian churches and hospices, hospitals, schools, missions, monasteries, as well as consulates and many private residences. In the neighborhood are a number of Jewish colonies. In regard to sanitary conditions the outer city is not above Jerusalem proper. The city is connected by carriage-roads with Jaffa, Bethlehem, Hebron, and Jericho, and by a narrow-gauge railway line (54 miles) operated by a French company, with Jaffa. The chief industry of Jerusalem is the manufacture of articles from olive-wood and mother-of-pearl. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the Jews. Administratively the city is the capital of a sanjak, and has two councils, in which the recognized religious communities are represented. Jerusalem is the seat of a Roman Catholic, a Greek Catholic, and an Armenian patriarch, an Anglican bishop, and numerous consuls. The permanent population is estimated at 50,000 to 60,000, of whom the Jews constitute over one-half, the Mohammedans exceeding 7000, and the Christians numbering over 10,000. The annual number of pilgrims and tourists is estimated at an average of 15,000.

THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CITY. Of the history of Jerusalem up to the time of David very little is known. The notices in the Tell elAmarna letters and the statement in Gen. xiv. 18 only show that it was a place of some impor tance long before the Hebrew occupation. The account of the conquest of the region south of Jerusalem by the tribe of Judah (Judges i. 8, 21, in which verse 8 seems to be a late gloss, and verse 21 is to be corrected according to Joshua xv. 63) shows that the city was too strongly fortified to be taken. With this the other ancient reference (Judges xix. 10-12) agrees. It remained a Jebusite city until its capture by David. Its King, Adoni Zedek, was captured, it is true, by Joshua at the battle of Makkedah

(Joshua x. 5-26), but the city remained in the hands of the Canaanites.

When David became King over all Israel (II. Sam. v. 1 sqq.), he discerned the advantages of Jerusalem, and determined to make it his capital and sanctuary. He succeeded in taking it from the Jebusites, and at once set about improving and fortifying it as the seat of his kingdom (If. Sam. v. 6-12). Soon after he removed thither the ark of Jehovah from its obscurity at KirjathJearim (II. Sam. vi.). On the basis of the description by Josephus (Wars, V. iv. 1) the long current opinion has been that the citadel taken by David and the city which he walled and improved cccupied the high southwestern hill. But excavations and discoveries of remains of old walls and other ancient structures during the past forty years have resulted in the accumulation of a body of evidence which necessitates an entirely different view. This newer view alone agrees with the incidental topographical notices in the Old Testament. The citadel of the Jebusites was on Ophel, the southern part of the eastern hill, east of the Tyropoon Valley. Between it and the other summit to the north, then used as a threshingfloor (cf. II. Sam. xxiv. 15-25; I. Chron. xxi. 1830; xxii. 1; II. Chron. iii. 1), lay a ravine, afterwards gradually filled up by later building operations. It was thus isolated on all sides. At the foot of its eastern slope was the only natural spring in the vicinity, anciently called Gihon (I. Kings i. 33, 38, 45; II. Chron. xxxii. 30; xxxiii. 30), afterwards named the Virgin's Fountain, while the surrounding hills and valleys were waterless. The slopes were steep and easily fortified. The exact location of David's palace and other buildings (cf. Neh. iii. 16) is not known, nor the extent of the fortifications built by him. This hill, called Zion, now became known also as the City of David. It is probable that the Tyropoon Valley to the west and the southern and eastern slopes of the western hill were settled to some extent. David or Solomon may have thrown a wall (the first wall of Josephus) about these settlements, though no satisfactory evidence of this is at hand. This wall ran about due west from the southwest corner of the temple hill as far as the northwest corner of the western hill; then, turning southward, and swinging around the southern slopes of this hill, it crossed over to the south of Ophel, there joining the fortifications of the City of David. The chief feature of David's fortifications was 'Millo' (probably a massive tower), often mentioned, but not yet identified.

What David began his son Solomon enlarged. On the hill north of the somewhat small and unpretentious palace of David he built a series of buildings on a scale of magnificence hitherto unknown in Israel. After the necessary leveling of the surface, which involved the partial filling up of the ravine between Zion and the northern hill, and the laying of the substructures,' especially heavy retaining walls on the south face of the north hill, Solomon built (1) a new royal palace with its adjuncts, and (2) a sanctuary or temple. The palace was a complex of buildings consisting of the 'house of the forest of Lebanon,' constructed of cedar pillars and beams, 50 cubits wide, 100 long, and 30 high, a throne-hall, 30 X 50 cubits, with porticoes, and the palace proper or royal dwelling: somewhere near were apartments built for his Egyptian queen and also

the prison (Jer. xxxii. 2; Neh. iii. 25-27). These buildings were arranged in the order given from south to north, the house of the forest of Lebanon being nearest David's old palace, the royal dwelling being nearest the temple. They were not all on the same level, but were on successive terraces, the palace occupying the highest. On a still higher elevation than the palace were the courts and buildings of the temple. The temple was built on the site of the threshing-floor of Araunah (I. Chron. xxii. 1). The main building was of great beauty, though comparatively small (20 × 60 cubits), of stone and cedar. At the entrance stood two large bronze pillars of symbolic significance (I. Kings vi. and vii. 13-50). It was surrounded with a court in which were the altar of burnt offerings and the great molten sea or reservoir (I. Kings vii. 9-12; 13-47). A passageway led from the court to the palace below (II. Kings xi. 13, 16; xvi. 18). At the dedication of the temple the ark was brought up' from the City of David (I. Kings viii. 1, 3; cf. ix. 24) to the new sanctuary. To the temple mount now considered the dwelling-place of Yahweh, Israel's God, the name Zion was transferred (cf. Amos 1, 2; Micah iv. 2; Isa. viii. 18, etc). temple and palace area was encircled by a strong wall. The city of Solomon was thus larger and more magnificent than that of David. The great buildings and main fortifications were mostly, if not entirely, on the eastern hills. Thence the city gradually spread westward, covering the slopes of the Tyropaeon Valley and the western hills.

The

With the secession of the northern tribes from the rule of the House of David (c.933 B.C.) Jerusalem's importance was diminished. For nearly two centuries it was barely able to hold its own. It was captured several times, and not until the prosperous reigns of Uzziah and his son Jotham (II. Chron. xxvi., xxvii.) were extensive improvements undertaken. They greatly strengthened the fortifications by building strong towers near the gates and at the corners of the wall. Hezekiah (c. 720-689 B.C.), seeing the necessity of preparing for a conflict with Assyria, paid especial attention to the fortifications and the watersupply. In place of the extra-mural surface conduit that conducted the waters of Gihon along the eastern and then across to the western side of Ophel he had an underground conduit tunneled a distance of 1700 feet to convey the water of Gihon to the pool or reservoir of Siloam, on the southwest slope of Ophel, near the mouth of the Tyropoon Valley. This conduit was discovered in 1886 by Dr. Schick. About 25 feet from the Pool of Siloam an old Hebrew inscription tells of the meeting of the two parties of workmen working toward each other in constructing the tunnel. (See SILOAM.) The pool was hewn out of the rock and measured 71 feet north and south by 75 feet east and west. Stone steps led down to it. Lower down the valley Hezekiah constructed a second reservoir to hold the overflow of Siloam. Walls and fortifications for the protection of these works were also erected (cf. Isa. xxii. 7-11; II. Kings xx. 20; II. Chron. xxxii. 5; II. Kings xxv. 4). Doubtless, the city by this time contained numerous cisterns for holding surface water. The surplus waters of Siloam were used for the King's gardens about the southern slope of Ophel, and the underground drainage of the three valleys filled a spring or well at the junction of the Hinnom and Kidron