and also Ahaziah, King of Judah, who was on a visit to the King of Israel. He also had Jezebel, the wife of Ahab, put to death, and, not content with this, brought about a wholesale massacre of Ahab's (or Joram's) family, and also of fortytwo kinsmen of Ahaziah. This story of Jehu's conspiracy is told (II. Kings ix.-x.) in connection with the narrative of the Prophet Elijah. Jehu's deeds are portrayed as retribution for the judicial murder of Naboth (I. Kings xxi.), and he is represented as the instrument of Yahweh to bring about the destruction of Ahab. Such an interpretation, of course, reflects the later religious point of view; but it would seem that Jehu indeed posed as the devotee of Yahweh, for he follows up his destruction of the house of Ahab by an extermination of the prophets and priests of Baal. By a cunning stratagem he collects them together in the temple court and puts them to death (II. Kings x. 18-28). Whatever his motives may have been, he does not appear in the light of a religious reformer to the later Old Testament writers, who cannot disguise the fact that Jehu was not a Yahweh-worshiper according to their ideals. In fact, he maintained the 'high places' with the Canaanitish rites and associations, and the triumph of Yahweh simply meant for Jehu an absorption of Baal's role by the Hebrew deity. The political activity of Jehu was mainly directed toward the subjugation of Judah, which under Ahab had practically become a vassal of Israel. (See JEHOSHAPHAT.) At the close of his reign, however, Judah was in a somewhat more favorable position than at the beginning. In B.C. 842, shortly after mounting the throne, Jehu purchased the favor of Shalmaneser II. of Assyria by rich gifts. The Assyrian king laid siege to Damascus, and on his return from his campaigns erected a monument in Nineveh (the so-called black obelisk of Shalmaneser II., now in the British Museum), on which, among other events, he depicted this tribute of Jehu. The latter, however, gained little by currying favor with Assyria. Syria again began to stir itself and assumed the offensive against Israel, and before the end of Jehu's reign his kingdom was weakened on various sides, though he was able to hand over the succession to his son Jehoahaz (q.v.).

JEHU. A popular term for a driver, especially for one who drives rapidly, derived from Jehu, the son of Nimshi, mentioned in II. Kings ix. 20.

JEJU'NUM (Neo-Lat., from Lat. jejunus, empty). The middle portion of the small intestine, situated between the duodenum and the ileum, and forming about one-third of the length of this portion of the intestinal tract. It derives its name from the fact that in post-mortem examinations it is almost always found empty. The jejunum is wider, more vascular, and of a deeper

color than the ileum; its walls are also much

thicker, but there is no sharp line of division between the two portions. The surface for absorption is much increased by folds of the mucous

membrane and the submucous tissue, the valvule connirentes, which are also present in the upper

half of the ileum.

JEK'YLL, DOCTOR. See STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE.

JELALABAD, je-lä'lå-bäd', or JALALABAD. A town of Afghanistan, 75 miles east of

VOL. XI.-12.

Kabul, on the Kabul River, near the Khyber Pass (Map: Afghanistan, M 4). Its defenses were destroyed at the British evacuation of Afghanistan in 1842. The town occupies a very strong natural position, and is the winter resi dence of the Ameer of Afghanistan. Population, about 3000. The place was heroically defended by Sir Robert Sale against the Afghans in 1842. JELF, WILLIAM EDWARD (1811-75). An English divine and classical scholar, son of Sir James Jelf, of Gloucestershire, and brother of Dr. Richard William Jelf. He was born at Gloucester, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. From 1846 to 1848 he was one of the Whitehall preachers, and in 1857 gave the Bampton Lectures before the university. His most important publication was his Grammar of the Greek Language, chiefly from the German of Raphael Kühner (2 vols., Oxford, 1842-45; 4th ed. 1866), which was considered a marked imProvement on all earlier Greek grammars in the English language.

bootsêm, JOSEPH, Count (1801-59). JELLACHICH DE BUZIM, yělli chếch de Croatia.' He was born at Peterwardein, in SlaBan of vonia, October 16, 1801. His father, the descendant of an old Croatian family, was a general in the Austrian service and attained some dis

tinction in the Turkish and Napoleonic wars. Joseph Jellachich, after several years of service on the Turkish frontier, in which he distinguished himself by his courage and skill, became colonel of the first border regiment of Croatia. In 1848 he was appointed by the Emperor Ferdinand general and Ban or Governor of Croatia, and Slavs of Hungary against Magyar domination. He was urged on in this course by the Court of Vienna, which saw in him a convenient instrument for checking the progress of the revolution in Hungary. In September, 1848, Jellachich invaded Hungary with a powerful army and advanced upon Budapest. He was repulsed at Pákozd (September 29th), but effected a junction with Windischgrätz before Vienna, and defeated Perczel at Moor (December 29th). He suffered a disastrous defeat at Kis-Hegyes, and after the termination of the revolutionary struggle returned to Agram as Ban. He was made a count in 1855, and died at Agram, May 19, 1859. He published a volume of poems, among them military songs which became popular.

as such he headed the movement of the Southern

Austrian Jewish theologian, born at Drslawitz, JELLINEK, yěl ́li-něk, ADOLF (1821-93). An and educated at Prague and Leipzig. He was a rabbi in Leipzig, and, after 1857, in Vienna, where he founded a school for the study of the Talmud. A famous preacher, he wrote: Sefat Chachamhim, explaining Persian and Arabic Geschichte der Kabbala (1851-52); Auswahl words in the Talmud (1846-47); Beiträge zur Aquino in der jüdischen Litteratur (1853); Phikabbalistischer Mystik (1852); Thomas von losophie und Kabbala (1854); Der jüdische jüdischen Sprichwörtern (1881-85); and, in HeStamm (1869); Der jüdische Stamm in nichtbrew, a collection of essays, Kontresim (1877

84).

JELLINEK, GEORG (1851-). A German jurist, son of Adolf Jellinek. He was born at Leipzig, and was educated there, at Vienna, and at Heidelberg. Leaving the employ of the Aus

many, situated amid precipitous hills on the left bank of the Saale, ten miles southeast of Weimar (Map: Germany, D 3). The old moats encircling the town have been replaced by fine promenades with monuments of famous scientists. There are in the city many tablets in honor of men who have been associated with the university-Fichte, Schiller, Arndt, Hegel, Schelling, etc. Jena also has memories of Luther. The old castle, once the residence of the dukes of SaxeJena, in which Goethe more than once sojourned,

Dickens's Bleak House.

JELLY-FISH. The popular name for any of the free-swimming medusoid or ctenophoran colenterates (q.v.). The name is obviously applicable because of the transparent gelatinous naterial which makes up the bulk of the body. In a stricter sense the name is applied only to the larger medusæ, such as those of the genera Aurelia, Cyanea, etc., which are frequently cast up on sea-beaches. Under such circumstances, the external form and beauty are generally obliterated and the animal is literally only a mass of jelly. This has the general form of a saucer, or concave disk, whence the name 'Discophora' has been applied to the group-from the under side of which hang the pendent feeding and reproductive organs. Consult for the jellyfishes of the eastern American coast, A. Agassiz, "North American Acalephæ" (containing an extensive bibliography), in Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge, 1865). See CTENOPHORA; MEDUSA; SIPHONOPHORA; and Colored Plate of MEDUSA.

JEMAPPES, zhe-mȧp'. A town in the Province of Hainault, Belgium, a few miles southwest of Mons (Map: Belgium, B 4). It has glass-works, and in its vicinity are extensive coal-mines. Population, in 1902, 13.123. Jemappes is celebrated for the victory won here by 46,000 French, under Dumouriez, over the

Austrians, 26,000 in number, under the Duke of Saxe-Teschen, November 6, 1792. The French troops, most of them raw volunteers, were sent in three columns against the experienced Austrian soldiery, splendidly posted on a height behind strong fortifications. The French right, after some hesitation, swept the enemy before it. The centre met with fiercer opposition, and was just giving way when the future King Louis Philippe and Renard, a valet, sprang out of the lines and led them victoriously forward. On the left, however, the young French peasants were being decimated, and were yielding. Dumouriez came up. Some one began singing the Marseillaise. The soldiers caught the strain. They rushed forward once more, and hurled the Austrians from their position. This first great victory of the Republic gave it the possession of Belgium, and inspired it with confidence and

courage.

JEMEZ, нã'mâs. A Pueblo village of Tañoan stock, situated on Jemez River, a western affluent of the Rio Grande, about 35 miles westward from Santa Fé, New Mexico. The inhabitants are peaceable and self-supporting, raising annually about 2500 bushels of wheat and 15,000 bushels of corn, besides other vegetables. Population, about 450. See also PUEBLO.

JENA, ya'nȧ. A famous university town in the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Ger

versity. (See JENA, UNIVERSITY OF.) The educational institutions comprise also a gymnasium, a number of other secondary schools, and scientific organizations. The industries are of little importance. The chief manufactures are optical instruments. Jena has all the modern municipal improvements. The environs are pleasant, but not remarkable. The Lichtenhainer beer, made in the vicinity, is famous. Population, in 1900, 20,686; in 1905, 26,360, chiefly Protestant. Jena is noted as the scene of a great battle (October 14, 1806), in which about 65,000 Prussians under Prince Hohenlohe were completely defeated by nearly 100,000 French under Napoleon. The battle of Auerstädt was fought on the same day.

JENA, UNIVERSITY OF. A German university which is the outgrowth of a gymnasium or high school founded by John Frederic, Elector of Saxony, about 1547, as a centre of Protestant teaching. It was authorized by the Emperor Ferdinand I. as a university in 1558, and soon became famous. Its most flourishing period was under the patronage of Duke Charles Augustus, from 1787 to 1807. Among the famous names connected with the university are those of Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, and Oken in philosophy, Schiller, who lectured here in history for ten years, the brothers Schlegel, Voss, Fries, and Krause. Much of its distinction in recent times has been versity had in 1905 some 1300 students. Its budin biology, philosophy, and theology. The uniget is about 480,000 marks. The library contains 250,000 volumes, 120,000 dissertations, and 1000

volumes of MSS. The influential Litteraturfrom Jena for nearly a century. zeitung für Deutschland (1785-1874) was issued

JENATSCH, ya'nȧtch, GEORG, or JÜRG (15961639). A Swiss soldier and leader in the party strifes of Switzerland during the period of the Thirty Years' War. He was born at Samaden, studied theology at Zurich, and became a Protestant pastor at Veltlin and leader of the Protestants in Grisons. In 1621 he killed Planta, a leader of the Spanish and Catholic sympathizers, and so put himself for a time at the head of the Patriotic Party. After the entry of the Austrians he was forced to leave Grisons, and served under Mansfeld and under the Duke de Rohan. When Rohan did not fulfill the wishes of the Patriotic Party, Jenatsch turned Catholic and entered the Austrian and later the Spanish service. He was murdered at a banquet by Planta's followers. Jenatsch is portrayed in K. F. Meyer's historical novel Georg Jenatsch (Davos, 1894) and by Dierauer (Saint Gallen, 1896).

boundary, and later served Massachusetts in her disputes with Maine and New Hampshire. In 1721 he went to England to bring the boundary question before the King. After many years in the Legislature and ten years' service as Deputy Governor, he was elected Governor (1727). In this capacity he vetoed an act authorizing the issue of paper money. He refused reëlection in 1732. According to story, Jenckes was seven feet in height, and splendidly built. JENCKES, THOMAS ALLEN (1818-75). An American legislator and lawyer, born at Cumberland, R. I., and educated at Brown University.

He attained prominence at the Rhode Island bar; was Government counsel in the suits against the Crédit Mobilier and was engaged in patent cases, especially those on the Sickles and Corliss steamengine and the rubber patents of Day and Goodyear. He was intimately connected with the State Government during Dorr's rebellion (1842); became secretary of the Governor's Council; served in both bodies of the State Legislature; and practically unaided carried his point (Peckham vs. Burrows) that the Legislature could order a new trial. He was elected to Congress by the Republican Party in 1862, and served until 1871. He introduced the general bankrupt law of 1867, as well as important bills for the revision of copyright and patent statutes. His name is especially identified with efforts for the reform of the civil service. In 1868 he prepared an elaborate report on the civil service of other countries, and by speeches and reports he promoted the passage of the law which lies at the basis of the reform. Consult first report of the United States Civil-Service Commission (1884). JENGHIS KHAN, jěnʼgiz Kän. See GENGHIS KHAN.

JEN'KIN, HENRIETTA CAMILLA (JACKSON) (c.1807-85). An English novelist, born in Jamaica. She married Charles Jenkin, a British naval officer, in 1832. Afterwards she lived in Paris, Genoa, and Edinburgh. Her novels contain faithful and lively descriptions of character. They include: Violet Banks, and Its Inmates (1858); Cousin Stella (1859); Who Breaks, Pays (1861); Skirmishing (1862); Once and Again (1865), Two French Marriages (1868, reprinted in New York as A Psyche of To-Day, 1868); Madame de Bauprés (1869); Within an Ace (1869); and Jupiter's Daughters (1874).

JENKIN, HENRY CHARLES FLEEMING (183385). An English engineer and electrician. He was born at Stowting Court, Kent, England, and, after being instructed at a number of educational institutions, graduated from the University of Genoa as Master of Arts in 1850. While engaged in electrical engineering connected with cable testing and laying, he became acquainted with Sir William Thomson, afterwards Lord Kelvin, and later a partnership was established, and many important cables were laid under their direction. In addition to his work in telegraph and cable engineering, Jenkin was also associated with Sir William Thomson and C. F. Varley in the invention and construction of electrical instruments. At Sir William's suggestion he was made a member of the committee appointed by the British Association to consider and determine practical electrical units, and prepared a number of important reports on this subject.

He also devised the system of telpherage for the transportation of goods from place to place, and was interested in questions of mechanical and civil engineering, as well as electrical matters. In 1865 he became professor of engineering in University College, London, and in 1868 he accepted a call to a similar chair in the University of Edinburgh, which he held until his death. In 1865 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1879 was elected vice-president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the larger part of his many scientific papers appearing in the Transactions and Proceedings of these two societies. He was an LL.D. of Glasgow University, and was a man of letters and broad information, as well as a successful scientist. He was particularly interested in sanitary reform, and organized societies for this purpose in Edinburgh and elsewhere. He was the author of a successful work on Electricity and Magnetism (1873). His Papers, Literary, Scientific, etc., edited by Sidney Colvin and J. A. Ewing, with a memoir by R. L. Stevenson, were published in

1887.

JEN'KINS, CHARLES JONES (1805-83). An American statesman and jurist, born in Beaufort District, S. C., and educated at the University of Georgia and Union College. He was elected to the Legislature of Georgia in 1830, served a short term as Attorney-General, and was in the Georgia House from 1836 to 1850 as leader of his party and as Speaker. Although he was a Democrat, he supported Harrison (1840) and Clay (1844). Jenkins was chairman of the State Convention which, in the 'Platform of 1850,' threatened secession; in the same year he refused the portfolio of the Interior. He was State Senator from 1856 to 1860, and judge of the Supreme Court from 1860 to 1865; was elected provisional Governor in 1865; served until 1868; and was president of the Constitutional Convention of 1877. Consult Jones, Life of C. J. Jenkins (Augusta, Ga., 1884).

JENKINS, EDWARD (1838–). An AngloIndian lawyer, politician, and author, born at Bangalore, India. He was educated at the McGill University and at the University of Pennsylvania, and studied law at Lincoln's Inn, London,

He

where he was admitted barrister in 1864. acquired a lucrative colonial practice; was counsel for the coolies on the Demerara Coolie Commission in 1870; was agent-general for Canada in 1874-76; and was a member of the Royal Commission on Copyright in 1876-77. After an unsuccessful contest as a Liberal candidate for Truro in 1870, he represented Dundee in Parliament in the Liberal interest from 1874 to 1880; but as an Independent Liberal and Imperialist, and later as a Conservative, failed in his canvasses for Edinburgh in 1881, and for Dundee in 1885 and in 1896. He has been a prolific political and miscellaneous essayist, and as a novelist produced several works, of which Ginx's Baby, His Birth and Misfortunes (1870), published anonymously, was his first success. Among his later writings are: Lord Bantam (2 vols., 1871); Barney Geoghegan, M.P., and Home Rule at Saint Stephen's (1872); Little Hodge (1872), which had a great vogue; The Devil's Chain (1876) Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Study of West Indian Life (3 vols., 1877); The Captain's Cabin: A Christmas Yarn (1877); The Russo-Turkish

JENKINS, THORNTON ALEXANDER (181193). An American naval officer. He was born in Virginia, and entered the United States Navy in 1828 as a midshipman. He spent the greater part of his life in the service, and rose to be rearadmiral in 1870, retiring from active duties in 1873. He served with the Mediterranean, African, and North and South Atlantic squadrons until 1845, when he was deputed to investigate the lighthouse systems of Europe. Out of this investigation grew the law of 1852, framed by Jenkins, under which the Lighthouse Board has been ever since administered. After serving on the coast of South America and in Central America, and in Mexico during the war with that country, Jenkins was promoted to a captaincy in 1862, and did good service during the Civil War. He had an important post at the battle of Mobile Bay, and was highly commended in the report of Admiral Farragut. In 1865 he was chief of the Bureau of Navigation; 1869-71, naval secretary of the Lighthouse Board; 1871-73, in command of the East India Squadron. In 1876 Jenkins had charge of the exhibit of the United States Navy Department in the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia.

JEN'KINSON, CHARLES and ROBERT, first and second Earls of Liverpool. See LIVERPOOL.

JENKINS'S EAR, WAR OF. The popular name of the war between Spain and Great Britain in 1739, caused by the complaint of Robert Jenkins, an English ship-captain, that he had lost an ear and had undergone other tortures at the hands of the Spaniards. This outbreak was swallowed up in the war of the Austrian Succession.

JENKS, EDWARD (1861-). An English professor of law, born at Clapham, Surrey. He was educated at Cambridge University, and was lecturer there in 1888-89. Afterwards he went to Australia, where he was dean of the Law Faculty in Melbourne University for two years, returning to be professor in the Liverpool College, whence he removed to Oxford as reader in English law, and political science lecturer at Balliol. His works include a History of the Australasian Colonies (1896); Law and Politics in the Middle Ages (1897); and A Short History of Politics (1900).

JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE (1856-). An American political economist and educator, born at Saint Clair, Mich. He graduated at the University of Michigan in 1878; studied for several years in Germany, taking his doctorate at the University of Halle in 1885, and after his return studied law and was admitted to the bar. He taught Greek, Latin, and German at Mount Morris College for a time; was professor of political science and English literature at Knox College from 1886 to 1889; held the chair of political economy and social science at Indiana University in 1889-91; and in 1891 became professor of political economy and politics at Cornell University. In 1899-1901 he was the expert agent of the United States Industrial Commis

JENKS, JOSEPH (1602-1683). An American colonial inventor, born of Welsh parentage in Hammersmith, London, England. He learned the trade of a founder and machinist, and emigrated to Massachusetts Bay about 1645. In the same year he settled at Lynn, Mass., where a little later he became superintendent of an iron-foundry-the first to be established in America. Jenks himself was the first founder in iron and brass of whom there is any record in the Colonies. He had considerable ability as an inventor, and to him, on May 6, 1646, the General Court of Massachusetts granted a patent for an engine for mills to go by water,' the first recorded American patent. Later Jenks was granted patents for scythes, saws, and other edged tools. In 1652 he made the dies for the new colonial coinage, among the coins struck from his dies being the famous 'pine-tree' shilling. In 1654 he contracted with the selectmen of Boston to construct an engine to carry water in case of fires.' Consult: Lewis and Newhall, History of Lynn (Boston, 1865).

JENKS, TUDOR (1857-). An American writer. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., graduated at Yale in 1878, and from Columbia Law School in 1880, and, after seven years' practice in New York, was from 1887 to 1903 an editor of Saint Nicholas Magazine. He wrote many juveniles as well as humorous verse, such as: Century World's Fair Book (1893); Imaginations (1894); The Boys' Book of Exploration (1900); and Galopoff, the Talking Pony (1901); Capt. John Smith (1904); In the Days of Chaucer (1904); Capt. Myles Standish (1905); In the Days of Milton (1905); In the Days of Shakespeare (1905); In the Days of Scott (1906).

JENKS, WILLIAM (1778-1866). A Congregational clergyman. He was born at Newton, Mass.; graduated at Harvard in 1797, and served as pastor at Bath, Me., 1805-17. He was also a chaplain in the War of 1812, and professor of Oriental languages at Bowdoin College. In 1826 he went to Boston, and there played a prominent part as pastor, philanthropist (especially as the friend of sailors), and scholar. He was one of the founders of the American Oriental Society and of the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Mass. He published The Compre