Dutch. The paramount native State at this time was Mataram, and in the early Dutch records its princes are called emperors. The gradual extension of Dutch rule was effected in much the same manner as that of the conquest of India by the British. Their authority was extended over the Preanger Residency in 1705, over the whole northwest coast in 1745, over Surakarta and Jokjo karta by 1755, Bantam coming under their control in 1808. The British held the island from 1811 to 1816, still further asserting and extending European control, and introducing great reforms in the administration under the vigorous government of Sir Stamford Raffles; but on regaining the island the Dutch pressed their claims with increased vigor. Their chief idea seemed to be to use Java simply as an appendage to the Netherlands, to secure revenue and pay off the debts of the 'mother country,' but since 1870 the general policy has been to hold the colonies for at least mutual benefit, with increasing purpose to benefit the Javanese in every way as far as possible. The three European names most closely associated with the development of Java are Daendels, Raffles, and Van den Bosch (q.v.). When in 1825 the native chief, Dipa Negara, struggled to regain ascendency, a war broke out which lasted five years, and ended in undisputed control by the Dutch.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Of the older works, Raffles, History of Java (2d ed., London, 1830), and Junghuhn, Java (trans., Leipzig, 1852-54), are well worth consulting. Veth, Java, geographisch, ethnologisch, historisch (2d ed., Haarlem, 1895), is the best book on the general subject. Other valuable works are: Junghuhn, Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java, ed. by Esenbeck (Magdeburg, 1845); id., Landschaftsansichten von Java (trans., Leipzig, 1853); Job Müller, Beschreibung der Insel Java (trans., Berlin, 1860); Money, Java, or How to Manage a Colony (London, 1861); Gronemann, In den Kedaton te Jogjakarter (Leyden, 1888), for a good account of Javanese theatres, dancing, etc.; Van Deventer, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders op Java (Haarlem, 1887); Verbeek and Fennema, Description géologique de Java et Madoura (Amsterdam, 1890); Bastian, Indonesien, vol. v. (Berlin, 1894); Mayer, Een blik in het Javaansche volksleven (Leyden, 1896); Scidmore, Java, the Garden of the East (New York, 1897); Higginson, Java, the Pearl of the East (Boston, 1899); Breitenstein, "Java," in 21 Jahren in Indien (Leipzig, 1899-1900); Giesenhagen, Aus Java und Sumatra (Leipzig, 1902); for the flora, Blume, Flora Java (Brussels, 1858), and Van Nooten, Fleurs, fruits, et feuillages de Vile de Java (3d ed., Brussels, 1882); for the natural history, Horsfield, Zoological Researches in Java and the Neighboring Islands (London, 1824), and Wallace, The Malay Archipelago (London and New York, 1869); for anthropology and ethnology, Meyer, Die Kalangs auf Java (1877); Jacobs, De Badoejs (The Hague, 1891); Kohlbrugge, “L'Anthropologie des Tenggerois," in L'Anthropologie (Paris) for 1898, Chailley-Bert, Java et ses habitants (Paris, 1900); and for the ruins, Tissandier, Camboge et Java, ruines khmères et javanaises (Paris, 1896).

JAVA FOWL. An old-fashioned breed of domestic fowls, white, black, or mottled, with a small, single, upright comb in both cocks and hens. The shanks and toes are yellow and free

from feathers. The cocks weigh from 9 to 10 pounds, and the hens about 71⁄2 pounds. They are good, useful fowls, and easily kept.

JAVANESE LANGUAGE. A language of the Malayo-Polynesian group, which is the vernacular of Java. Largely through Indian in

fluence Javanese became the medium of an important literature as early as the ninth century,

A.D. In this ancient form Javanese was modified in its vocabulary to a large extent by Sanskrit, and it was accordingly termed Kavi (q.v.)_as being preeminently the language of poetry. The direct derivative of Kavi is modern Javanese, which is divided into the courtly or Krama, and into the vernacular or Ngoko. These two dialects differ rather in vocabulary than in morphology. A third dialect, called Madhya or middle, partakes of the characteristics of both the others, although more closely resembling on the whole the Ngoko. Javanese literature consists in great part of translations from the Kavi, and thus ultimately from the Sanskrit. Here belong such works as the Brata-yuda, the Arjuna-sahasrabahu, and the Arjuna-vivahana, all based on the Mahabharata (q.v.), as well as the Rama, derived from the Ramayana (q.v.). The ManikMaya is important as a source of Javanese cosmogony and mythology, and the Babads, or prose chronicles, are of interest both linguistically and historically. Akin to the Babads are a number of historical romances, such as the Damar Wulan and the Raja Pirangon. In drama Javanese is rich in shadow-plays (wayang), mainly based on old legends, and the beast-fable is highly developed. Consult: Roorda, Javaansche grammatika (Amsterdam, 1855); id., Beknopte javaansche grammatika (4th ed., ib., 1893); Favre, Grammaire javanaise (Paris, 1866); Bohatta, Praktische grammatik der javanischen Sprache (Vienna, 1892); Gericke, Roorda and Breede, Javaansch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek (2d ed., Amsterdam, 1883-86); Hansen, De Javaansche tolk; Praktisch Nederlandsch-Javaansch zak-woordenboek (Amsterdam, 1901); Serrurier, De Wajang Poerwa (Leyden, 1896); Hazen, Bijdrage tot de Kennis van het javaansche Tooneel (Leyden, 1897); Wit, Java, Facts and Fancies (London, 1905).

JAVARY, zhä'vå-rē. A right tributary of the upper Amazon. It rises at the extreme northwest corner of Bolivia and flows northwest, north, and northeast, through the immense and unexplored forests of La Montaña, joining the Amazon in longitude 70° W. (Map: Brazil, C 5). It forms the boundary line between Brazil and Peru, and is navigable for over 300 miles nearly to its source. Its source is by treaty made one of the marks for the demarcation of the boundary line between Brazil and Bolivia.

JAVA SPARROW. A well-known cage-bird (Munia oryzivora), known in the East as 'ricebird,' 'paddy-bird,' and by other names. It is one of the weaver-birds (Ploceida), and has many Oriental and African congeners. This spe cies seems to be indigenous to Java, but was long ago carried abroad, and has become naturalized and to some extent a pest, in various rice-growing parts of China, Malaya, India, and Africa, where it is often very injurious to grain crops, after the manner of the bobolink. It is about five inches in length, plus a tail two inches leng, of which the central feathers are longest. The beak is conical and swollen, and rosy in

hue, as also are the feet.

A narrow edging of red surrounds the eye. The body is slate-colored, rump, tail, and crown black, and there is usually a white patch on the cheek; but these white patches may change to black, regardless of sex or age. The lower parts are purplish-gray, becoming white toward the vent. The females are rather lighter and the young somewhat mottled. A snow-white breed has been developed in confinement. These birds are sold everywhere as cage-birds, their attraction being mainly their beauty, for the song is brief and of little account. See Plate of CAGE-BIRDS.

JAVELIN (OF. javelin, javeline, Fr. javeline, from Bret. gavlin, gavlod, javelin, gavl, gaol, fork of a tree, Welsh gafl, fork of the thighs, Ir. gabul, gabel, gable; connected with OHG. gabala, Ger. Gabel, AS. geaful, Eng. gable, Skt. gabhasti, gable). A long heavy spear, used by ancients for hurling or thrusting. In the Roman legion, the first and second lines (the hastati and the principes) were both armed with two javelins to each man. Each javelin (Lat. pilum) was in all about 64 feet in length; the shaft 41% feet long, of tough wood, an inch in diam eter; and the remainder given to the barbed pyramidal head. In action, the legionary hurled one javelin on the enemy at the first onset; the second he retained as a defense against cavalry. The Goths and other barbarians used a javelin. JAVELLE (zhȧ-věl′) WATER. See HYPOCHLOROUS ACID.

JAWOROW, yå-võrôv. A town in the Austrian Crownland of Galicia, 29 miles northwest of Lemberg (Map: Austria, H 2). Its principal industries are pottery-making, brewing, and distilling. The main point of interest is the castle with its famous Italian gardens, the favorite resort of the Polish King John Sobieski, and the spot where Peter the Great and Catharine were married. Population, in 1900, 10,090, mostly Ruthenians, Poles, and Jews.

JAXARTES, jak-sär'tēz. The ancient name of the Syr Darya (q.v.).

JAY (OF. jai, gai, gay, Fr. geai, from OF. gai, gay, from OHG. gāhi, Ger. gähe, jähe, quick). A popular English name for a considerable number of birds of the family Corvida. They are sometimes separated from the crows as a special subfamily. the Garrulinæ, but it is difficult to define the group satisfactorily. The jays have the wings shorter than the tail, which is long, and rounded, or even graduated, and they are generally, but not always, brightly colored, some shade of blue being very characteristic. But these characters will not serve to distinguish them from the magpies, which are very near allies, the so-called blue magpies' of the Old World forming an evident connecting link. Jays are smaller than crows and are more distinctly arboreal; when on the ground, they hop. The jays of the Old World belong to distinct genera from those of America, with the single exception of Perisoreus, which is circumpolar.

The bird to which the name 'jay' was originally given is the common jay of Europe (Garrulus glandarius), which is somewhat over a foot in length, and beautifully colored, being vinaceous gray varied with black and white, with exquisite black, white, and blue markings on the wings; the head is provided with a conspicuous

black-marked crest. It is a common British bird, although its numbers have diminished under the persistent attacks of gamekeepers.

BLUE JAY. The best-known American bird of this subfamily is the blue jay (Cyanocitta_cristata), which is somewhat smaller than its European cousin, and is provided with equally beautiful plumage. The general color above is purplish-blue, and beneath dusky-white; forehead, and a yoke-shaped band on the sides of the neck and across the upper breast, black; wings and tail blue, beautifully variegated with black and white. The blue jay is found throughout Eastern North America, from Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, south to Florida and the Gulf, and west to the Plains.

It breeds throughout its range, and is only partially migratory. As spring approaches the blue jay becomes a quieter, more domestic and retiring bird, and prepares for the The nest is well built of twigs breeding season. and roots, lined with rootlets, and usually placed in a tree in the woods or an old orchard, at some distance from a house. The eggs are four or five in number, brownish-olive or ashy-green, thickly marked with rather indistinct spots of a darker shade. It is during and after the breeding season that the blue jay's worst traits come to light, for then he becomes an inveterate robber with avidity. At such times he is quiet, sly, and of birds' nests, and devours both eggs and young cowardly. Later in the summer insects, nuts, fruits, and seeds form the staples of his diet, and in the winter he will eat almost anything. The notes of the blue jay are numerous and variable; he is a mimic and somewhat of a ventriloquist, but he is not a singer, and most of his cries are harsh and discordant. The blue jay delights in attacking owls and squirrels. While not truly gregarious, blue jays often travel about in small companies, especially during the

winter.

OTHER AMERICAN JAYS. Several other species of jay occur in North America, variously subdivided by ornithologists into a dozen or more subspecies. One of the most distinct and easily recognized species is the Canada jay, 'whiskyjack,' or 'moose-bird' (Perisoreus Canadensis), one of the best-known birds of Canada and the North. Utterly unlike the blue jay in appearance (it lacks a crest), its manners and habits are very similar. The plumage is ashy-gray, and only the forehead and throat are white. It becomes very tame about the camps of loggers and trappers in the northern woods, and is famous for the great variety of its notes. It breeds very early in the spring, while there is still much snow on the ground and the weather is very cold. The nest is not unlike that of the blue jay, but the eggs are white, spotted with olive-brown. This species, in one form or another, ranges throughout North America from Labrador to Alaska, south to the northern tier of States, in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona, and on the Pacific Coast to Oregon. The Florida jay (Aphelocoma Floridana) is another crestless jay, but the general color is blue, with more or less white and ashy. It is abundant in Florida, but is wholly confined to that State, although closely allied species occur in the Rocky Mountain region and in California. A wellknown and widely distributed Western jay is Steller's jay (Cyanocitta Stelleri), varieties of which are known as the 'black-headed jay,' 'blue

fronted jay,' and 'long-crested jay.' These birds are especially characteristic of the Rocky Mountain and Sierra Nevada regions, while the typical form is seen from Oregon to Alaska, replacing the blue jay of the East. These jays have the whole head, neck, and back sooty-blackish or brownish, the remainder of the plumage, blue of some shade, with black markings on the wings. Their habits are similar to those of the Eastern bird. One other North American jay deserves mention, not only because of its beauty, but because it represents a group of jays characteristic of the warmer parts of America, notable for brilliancy of plumage. This is the Rio Grande jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), abundant in some parts of the lower Rio Grande Valley. It is about the size of the blue jay, but has no crest, and the prevailing colors are green above and greenish-yellow below, but the sides of the head, the chin, throat and breast, and markings on the wings are black, while the top of the head is rich blue and the forehead is white. The nest and eggs are similar to those of the less gorgeous jays.

Consult: Dresser, Birds of Europe (London, 1879); Newton, Dictionary of Birds (London and New York, 1893-96); Coues, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874); Keyser, Birds of the Rockies (Chicago, 1902).

JAY, Sir JAMES (1732-1815). An American physician, brother of John Jay. He was born in New York City, studied medicine, and became a practicing physician. He was instrumental in obtaining the endowments for King's (now Columbia) College, New York, and Benjamin Franklin's projected college (now the University of Pennsylvania) in Philadelphia. For the purpose of soliciting contributions for these colleges, he visited England in 1732, where he was knighted by the King, George III. His writings include two pamphlets relating to the collections made for the colleges in America (1771 and 1774), and Reflections and Observations on the Gout (1772).

JAY, JOHN (1745-1829). An eminent American statesman and jurist. He was born in New York City, December 12, 1745, of French Huguenot descent, and was the son of Peter Jay, a wealthy merchant. He passed his childhood at Rye, N. Y., was educated in New Rochelle, N. Y., and at King's (now Columbia) College, where he graduated in 1764; studied law in the office of Benjamin Kissam in New York City; was admitted to the bar in 1768, and soon attained eminence in his profession. In 1770 he was one of the group of lawyers, several of whom later became famous, who formed the professional club known as The Moot.' He was made secretary of the commission appointed to determine the disputed boundary between New York and Connecticut in February, 1773, and in April of the following year married, at Elizabeth, N. J., Sarah Livingston, the daughter of William Liv. ingston (q.v.), thus allying himself with one of the most influential Whig families in the Middle Colonies. In the pre-Revolutionary disturbances, though insistent for what he considered to be the rights of the Colonists, he allied himself with the conservative element in New York, and deprecated the radicalism of such men as Isaac Sears and John Lamb, the leaders of the 'Sons of Liberty.' In May, 1774, he was made a memder of the important Committee of Fifty-One in New York, appointed "to correspond with our

sister Colonies on all matters of moment," which was controlled by the conservative element and opposed all acts of violence. The answer sent by it to the communication of May 13th from Boston urging New York to concur in a policy of non-importation and of a discontinuance of trade with the West Indian Islands is attributed to Jay. Jay was a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774, was a member of the committee appointed "to state the rights of the Colonies in general," supported Galloway's celebrated plan for an accommodation with the mother country (see GALLOWAY, JOSEPH), and drafted the address to the people of Great Britain. After his return to New York he was an influential member of the dominating Committee of Inspection and of the Committee of Observation, which succeeded it; was a member of the committee for the relief of Boston, and was also a member of the socalled Provincial Convention, an electoral body, by which he was chosen one of the delegates of New York to the second Continental Congress. He became a colonel of New York City militia, and in 1776 was chosen а member of the Provincial Congress of New York, by which body he was called away in May from the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, thus failing to become a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Of the Provincial Congress, later called the 'Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York,' which assembled in July, 1776, he was also a member. He drafted the resolution which was passed authorizing the New York delegates in the Continental Congress to sign the Declaration; was chairman of a secret military committee vested with extraordinary powers, which was appointed at the time of Lord Howe's expected passage up the Hudson River; was a member of other important committees; and in December, 1776, was the author of an address issued by the Convention to the people of the Colony. Early in the following year he had an important share in the drafting of the Constitution and Bill of Rights for the State of New York. Upon the adoption of that instrument, he was made a member of a Council of Safety and was appointed chief justice pro tempore, being regularly confirmed early in September. Late in 1778 he again became a member of Congress, without vacating his seat on the bench, and on December 10th he was elected president of that body to succeed Henry Laurens, in which position he remained until September 28. 1779, when he was succeeded by Samuel Huntington, having previously, on August 10th, resigned the chief justiceship. In September, 1779, he was appointed United States Minister to Spain, and on October 20th started on his mission. He was never officially received by the Spanish Government, which, though allied with France and at war with Great Britain, steadily refused to recognize the independence of the United States. Aside from securing a few small loans, he was able to accomplish nothing, and after an unsatisfactory, and, in many respects, a humiliating sojourn of two years, he proceeded to Paris in the early summer of 1782 to join Franklin in negotiating the treaty of peace with Great Britain. The two were later joined by John Adams. In this capacity Jay, along with his fellow-commissioners, rendered an invaluable service to his country, and he himself is considered to have had perhaps a predominant