manent exhibition of articles connected with gardening, a dairy, an aquarium, greenhouses, an aviary, a winter garden, establishments for fattening poultry and rearing carrier pigeons, and several cafés. The garden, which was greatly damaged in 1871 during the siege of Paris, is a favorite resort.

JARDIN DES PLANTES, då plänt (Fr., garden of plants). A botanical and zoological garden in Paris, founded at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It was at first called Jardin

du Roi.

JARDINE, jär'din, Sir WILLIAM (1800-74). A Scottish naturalist, born in Edinburgh, and educated at its university. He succeeded his father in the baronetcy at the age of twenty. Ornithology was the first of the natural sciences to claim his attention, but he went on to the study of fishes, monkeys, felidæ, pachyderms, and ruminants, writing himself fourteen volumes on these subjects and on birds in a series of books which he edited called The Naturalist's Library (40 vols., 1833-45). Sir William made a collection representing 6000 species of birds, was a commissioner on the salmon fisheries, member of the British Association, and author of a Calendar of Ornithology (1849); The Ichnology of Annandale (1853); British Salmonidæ (1861); and The Birds of Great Britain and Ireland (4 vols., 1876).

A

JARDIN MABILLE, zhärdăn mả′bể. former very popular resort in Paris, founded in 1840 by a dancer, Mabille. It was a favorite gathering-place of the demi-monde, and with its brilliant illuminations, fountains, flower-beds, and other attractions, became one of the cele brated sights of Paris. The Mabille introduced many novelties in dances, among them the cancan, brought in by Chicard. The place was closed in 1875, and its clientage was absorbed by other similar resorts.

JAR'LEY, MRS. A character in Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop, proprietor of a wax-works show, who befriends Little Nell.

JARNAC, zhär'nåk. A town in the Depart

ment of Charente, France, known as the scene of a battle fought on March 13, 1569, between 26,000 Catholics under the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III., and 15,000 Huguenots under Louis, Prince of Condé. The latter were completely routed and their leader was killed. See HUGUENOTS.

JARNDYCE, järn'dis, JOHN. A kind-hearted character in Dickens's Bleak House, a principal in the famous Chancery suit of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce. The suit is intended as a satire on Court of Chancery methods.

JARO, Hä'rô. A town of Leyte, Philippines, situated in the northern part of the island, 15 miles west by south of Tacloban (Map: Philip pine Islands, E 5). Population, in 1903, 11,066. JAROCHOWSKI, vä'rô-Kov'ské, KAZIMIR (1829-88). A Polish historian, born at Sokolniki, and educated at Posen and Berlin. He took part in the Polish uprising of 1848, but in 1862 entered the Prussian magistracy, and resigned in 1882. He died soon after his election to the Prussian Diet. His historical studies deal especially with Poland under the Saxon kings. Among them the more important are: Teka Podoskiego (1854-61); Wielkopolska

w czasie pierwszej wojny szwedzkiej (1864); Dzieje panowania Augusta II. (1856-74); Opowiadania i studia (1860-84); and Literatura posnaúska (1880).

JAROSLAU, yä'ró-slou'. The capital of a district of Galicia, Austria, and an important garrison town on the San, an affluent of the Vistula, 130 miles east of Cracow by rail (Map: Austria, H 1). It is an industrial centre, with manufactures of textiles, pottery, bricks, tutty, and spirituous liquors. There is also a considerable trade in agricultural produce, hides, and lumber. Population, in 1890, 18,065; in 1900,

22,660.

JAROSLAV, yä'rô-släf'. A Russian government and its capital. See YAROSLAV.

JARRIC, zhȧ'rêk', LOUIS ETIENNE, Chevalier de (1757-91). A West Indian revolutionist, born at Aux Cayes, Haiti. He had no legitimate claim to the name he bore; but his father had him well educated, and he was in France at the time of the Revolution, serving as a captain. A mulatto himself, he started a society in Paris called Friends of the Blacks, but it did not flourish, so he sailed for Haiti in 1790 with a supply of arms. These he distributed among the disaffected negroes, and he headed a band of 700 which, through a victory over the regulars, was increased to 2500; but they were defeated near the river Saint Vincent, and Jarric was tortured to death.

JAR'ROW-ON-TYNE. A municipal borough and seaport in Durham, England, on the estuary of the Tyne, 52 miles east of Newcastle (Map: England, E 2). Formerly a small colliery village, it was made a municipality in 1875. Its growth was due to the establishment of large iron ship-building and marine-engine works, blastfurnaces, iron-foundries, gun, paper, and chemical factories. It makes extensive shipments of coal. On the banks of Jarrow Lake are the Tyne docks, with quays, etc., covering about 300 acres. The town maintains quays, an infectious-diseases hospital, and recreation-grounds. The Venerable and died in the Benedictine monastery built there Bede was born in Jarrow, and lived, and wrote, in 682, of which there are remains. Population, in 1891, 33,700; in 1901, 34,300.

JARVES, järʼvěs, JAMES JACKSON (182088). An American author and art collector, born in Boston. He made an extensive tour in South America and the Pacific Islands, and resided at Honolulu for a number of years. After he left Honolulu he was in charge of various In 1851 he went to Government missions. Europe, and afterwards settled in Florence, where from 1879 until 1882 he was vice-consul

and acting consul. He spent much time making a collection of objects of art, and was successful in bringing together a number of fairly representative paintings of the different European schools. His collection of Venetian glass is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York City, and the pictures and sculptures are divided between the Art School of Yale University and the Hollenden Gallery, Cleveland, Ohio. His publications include: Parisian Sights and French Principles (1853); Art Hints, Architecture. Sculp ture, and Painting (1855); Kiana: A Tradition of Hawaii (1855): Italian Sights and Papal Principles. Seen Through American Spectacles (1855); Confessions of an Enquirer (1857 and

1869); Art Studies: The Old Masters of Italy (1861); The Art Idea, Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture in America (1866); Art Thoughts: The Experiences and Observations of an Amateur in Europe (1869); Glimpses at the Art of Japan (1876); and Italian Rambles (1884).

JAR'VIS, ABRAHAM (1739-1813). A Protestant Episcopal bishop of Connecticut. He was born at Norwalk, graduated at Yale in 1761, and was ordained in England three years afterwards. He became rector of Christ Church, Middletown, was regarded as a Tory sympathizer because of his opposition to the independence of the American Church during the Revolution, and in 1797 became second Bishop of Connecticut. JARVIS, EDWARD (1803-84). A physician, born at Concord, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1826 and at the Harvard Medical College in 1830, and subsequently practiced as a physician successively in Concord, Mass., Louisville, Ky., and Dorchester, Mass. He interested himself in the collection of vital statistics, and published reports and monographs on this subject, among which are: Physiology and Health; Elementary Physiology; Reports on the Number and Condition of the Insane and Idiots in Massachusetts. He was for many years after 1852 president of the American Statistical Association.

JARVIS, JOHN WESLEY (1780-1840). An American portrait painter, born in South Shields, England. He was a nephew and namesake of the famous divine, who kept him till he was five years old, and then sent him to join his seafaring father in Philadelphia. The lad grew up with little training, but on developing a taste for art he was encouraged in his career by Malbone and other celebrated painters. He had a studio in New York, but went South for the winters. His principal portraits-of statesmen, churchmen, and naval heroes (1812-15)-are in the City Hall, New York, and in the collection of the New York Historical Society. Jarvis was a conspicuous example of the artistic temperament-improvident, witty, eccentric, vain, cbservant, a noted story-teller, practical joker, and convivial spirit, whose work was often carelessly left to pupils to finish. He has been conside red the pioneer of art anatomy in the United States. He died in poverty.

JARVIS, SAMUEL FARMER (1786-1851). An American clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, the son of Abraham Jarvis. He was born at Middletown, Conn.; graduated at Yale in 1805, was ordained in 1810, and three years afterwards became rector of Saint James's, New York. After a year in the chair of biblical criticism in the General Theological Seminary, he was rector of Saint Paul's, Boston (1820-26), then traveled and studied in Europe, and lived in Italy until 1835, when he was appointed professor of Oriental literature at Trinity (then Washington) College. As historiographer of the Episcopal Church in America, Jarvis wrote A Chronological Introduction to the History of the Church (1844). He published, besides: The Religion of the Indian Tribes of North America (1820); No Union with Rome (1843); and The Church of the Redeemed (1850).

JA'SHER, BOOK OF (Heb. sẽpher hay-yāshār, book of the upright, Gk. βιβλίον τοῦ εὐθοῦς, biblion tou euthous, Lat. liber justorum; the

The

Peshitto (Syriac) version has sepher ashir, book of song or songs). One of the lost books of the Hebrews. It is mentioned twice in the Old Testament (Joshua x. 13; II. Sam. i. 18), and the Septuagint makes it probable that the words attributed to Solomon in I. Kings viii. 12, 13, are quoted from this book. All that can be stated about this lost production is that it was a collection of songs, and that the songs were probably of a national character. The two undoubted extracts preserved (a) the command of Joshua to the sun and moon to stand still; (b) the lament over Saul and Jonathan ascribed to David--breathe a spirit which accords with other specimens of early Hebrew poetry. name 'Book of the Upright' is difficult to understand. It may have referred to Israel, but it read yasher, he sings') really has some conis also possible that the title (perhaps to be nection with 'song,' as the Peshitto takes it. The 'lost book' naturally attracted forgers, and in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries no less than three different works purporting to be the lost Book of Jasher were produced, and in 1751 another, claiming to have been translated from Hebrew by Alcuin of Britain,' was brought forth. This excited considerable interest for a time, but eventually it was proved to be a forgery, and was traced to Ilive, a London printer. It was republished in 1827. The Book of Jasher is also the title of a ritualistic treatise by Jacob ben Meir (died 1171), and of several other works of an ethical or legal character written by Jewish scholars.

JASMIN, zhȧs'mǎN', JACQUES (1799-1864). A Provençal poet, born March 6, 1779, at Agen, where he died, October 4, 1864. His real name was Jacques Boé. He was apprenticed to a hairdresser, who had been a soldier of Napoleon. At eighteen Jasmin was writing verses and dressing hair. Hence his name "The Barber Poet." His four collections of Papillotos or Curl-Papers (1825, 1843, 1851, 1853) were naïve little occasional verses revealing much native power. The Souvenirs (1830) are a winning mixture of humor and pathos in their tale of his early struggles for literary recognition. The Blind Girl of Castel-Cuillé (1835) is accessible in a good translation by Longfellow. Françounetto (1840), a narrative poem, is Jasmin's most sustained work, and won general recognition. Jasmin was received into the Legion of Honor in 1846. 1852 his works were crowned by the Academy. He is the poetic father of Mistral (q.v.) and the Félibres. There is an edition of his Works, with a French translation (1860). Consult: Rabain, Jasmin, sa vie et ses œuvres (Limoges, 1867); Moutrond, Jasmin, poète d'Agen (Lille, 1875); Andrien, Vie de Jasmin (Agen, 1882); Sainte-Beuve, Portraits contemporains, vol. iii. (Paris, 1881-82). Consult: Smiles, Barber, Poet, Philanthropist (New York, 1892).

In

JASMINE, jăsʼmĭn, or JESSAMINE (OF., Fr. jasmin, from Ar. yasmin, from Pers. yasmin, jasmine), Jasminum. A genus of plants, chiefly natives of the warm parts of Asia, which belong to the natural order Oleaceae, containing about 100 species of shrubs, some of them climbing, and many of them having exquisitely fragrant flowers. This genus has the calyx and corolla each five or eight cleft, two stamens attached to and included within the tube of the white or yellow corolla, and a two-lobed berry, one of the lobes

generally abortive. The common jasmine (Jasminum officinale) is a native of the south of Asia, naturalized in the south of Europe as far north as Tyrol and Switzerland. In more northern regions it is much cultivated in gardens,

(not from the Cape) in 1754. A double variety is a very popular greenhouse plant, and is common in the Southern States as a hardy outdoor plant. It bears a large, oblong, orange-yellow berry, which is said to be used in China as a dye.

JASMINE, or JESSAMINE, CAROLINA, or YELLOW. A North American climbing plant, Gelsemium sempervirens, of the order Loganiaceæ, which grows in Virginia and southward upon trees and fences, and bears a profusion of yellow, funnel-shaped flowers an inch in diam

JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM.

but does not easily endure very severe winters. It is a shrub from 6 to 10 feet high, with pinnate leaves, the terminal leaflet the largest, and very fragrant white flowers. Its slender, deep-green branches give it the appearance of an evergreen. The flowers are used for preparing oil of jasmine, a delicate perfume. It blooms from June to October, and requires a light, moist soil to induce free flowering. Jasminum grandiflorum, Spanish or Catalonian jasmine, a native of the East Indies, has flowers still more fragrant, from which, and from those of Jasminum Sambac, oil of jasmine is also made. Jasminum humile, a very common greenhouse variety, is hardy in the open air as far north as Maryland. The varieties of jasmine are propagated by seeds and layers, but the usual method is starting cuttings of the nearly ripened wood under glass.

CAPE JASMINE.

CAPE JASMINE is a name popularly applied to plants belonging to the genus Gardenia, not related to the true jasmines. They belong to the madder family (Rubiaceae), and are tropical and sub-tropical shrubs The genus was named for Dr. Garden, of Charleston, S. C., who was a correspondent of Linnæus. The best-known species is Gardenia jasminoides, popularly known as Gardenia florida, brought to England from China

A PENDENT SPRAY OF YELLOW JASMINE.

eter, with a fragrance similar to that of the true jasmine, the odor on a damp evening or morning being almost overpowering. It has been recently used in medicine as a sedative, antispasmodic, and nervine.

JA'SON. The leader of the Argonauts (q.v.). JASON (Gk. 'Idowv). A tyrant of Pheræ in Thessaly, the successor and the reputed son of Lycophron. He came into prominence early in the fourth century B.C., and undertook to reduce all Thessaly under his dominion. By B.C. 374 he had conquered the chief cities of Thessaly, and was recognized as Tagos. He then collected a large army with the object of making himself master of all Greece, but was assassinated in the midst of his preparations (B.c. 370).

JASON. A Jewish high priest, son of Simon II., and leader of the Hellenizing party. His real name was Jesus, according to Josephus (Ant., xxii. v. 1). In B.c. 174 he was appointed high priest in place of his brother by Antiochus IV. For this office he is said to have paid a large sum; but he also secured for the citizens of Jerusalem the rights and privileges of Antiochians, and was allowed to build a gymnasium and an ephebeum below the acropolis, near Mount Zion. Greek games, Greek caps, and Greek customs were speedily adopted. Even the priests left the altar to take part in the games in the palæstra, and artificially concealed their circumcision. Jason sent a large contribution

to Tyre for the festival of Hercules. In B.C. 171 he was deposed, and Menelaus raised to the pontificate. But when Antiochus marched against Egypt, in B.C. 170, Jason seized the opportunity of reinstating himself, and drove Menelaus away. The King, however, upon his return from Egypt punished the city severely for what he deemed rebellious conduct. Jason was obliged to flee, first to Egypt, then to the Lacedæmonians. Our knowledge of his career depends upon II. Maccabees and Josephus. The accounts differ in many respects, and neither can be used without great caution. Consult: Wellhausen, Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte (3d ed., Berlin, 1897); Büchler, Tobiaden und Oniaden (Vienna, 1899); Willrich, Juden und Griechen vor der makkabäischen Erheburg (Göttingen, 1895); id., Judaica (Göttingen, 1900); Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes (3d ed., Leipzig, 1901).

JASON OF CYRENE, sî-re'nê. An author whose history in five books is mentioned in II. Maccabees ii. 23. The original work is lost, and known to us only in the epitome made by the author of II. Maccabees. (See MACCABEES, BOOKS OF THE.) There is some evidence that it was used by Gorionides. It was unquestionably written in Greek. Whether Jason was a Greek or a Hellenistic Jew is not altogether known. Büchler defends the former opinion and ascribes to him those parts of II. Maccabees dealing with the Syrian wars under Antiochus IV., Antiochus V., and Demetrius I. (qq.v.). But there is reason to believe, as Willrich has shown, that the work comprised the whole history of the Asmonean dynasty, and that only the part of it dealing with events that occurred between B.C. 175 and 161 was epitomized. In that case it is more natural to suppose that he was a Jew. He may, however, have had access to written sources not of Jewish origin. This would account for some facts that have recently led Niese to ascribe to II. Maccabees, and consequently to Jason, a higher age and a greater credibility than to I. Maccabees. It is not likely that this view will prevail. But even if pref erence is given to I. Maccabees, this may not affect Jason so much as the author of II. Maccabees. The latter has confessedly exercised much freedom. Not only has he abridged, but also added to, and probably altered Jason's work. Kosters and Kamphausen have gone so far as to declare Jason a fictitious personage behind whose name the author indulged in polemics against I. Maccabees. There is no convincing evidence, however, of acquaintance with I. Maccabees, and such a fiction seems to most scholars wholly improbable. If Jason's work included the whole dynasty, Willrich is probably right in assuming that he wrote in the reign of Claudius. Others maintain that he lived in the second century B.C. The Ιάσων κυρήναιος discovered on a temple wall in Egypt (Revue des études grecques, 1894, p. 297), seems to belong to the third century B.C. Consult: Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel (Breslau, 1857); Wellhausen, Pharisäer und Sadducäer (Greifswald, 1874): Kosters, in Theologisch Tijdschrift (Leyden, 1878; pp. 491 sqq.); Trieber. Zur Kritik des Gorionides (Göttingen, 1895); Kamphausen, in Kautzsch's Apokryphen (Tübingen, 1900); Willrich, Judaica (Göttingen, 1900);

Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes (3d ed., Leipzig, 1901); Büchler, Tobiaden und Oniaden (Vienna, 1899); Niese, Kritik der beiden Makkabäerbücher (Berlin, 1900); Torrey, article "Maccabees," in Encyclopædia Biblica (London, 1902).

JASPER (OF. jaspre, jaspe, Fr. jaspe, It. jaspide, from Lat. jaspis, Gk. taomis; probably of Semitic origin, cf. Heb. yashpheh, Ar. yasb, yashb, yasf, jasper). A crypto-crystalline variety of quartz distinguished by its opacity, which is due to the presence of clay and other substances. Jasper was known to the ancients, by whom it was called iaspis, and by whom it was used for ornamental purposes, owing to the high polish which it is capable of taking. It is still used for rings and seals, and to a certain extent for pillars, mantels, and table-tops. The colors of the different varieties of jasper are reddish brown, dark green, grayish blue, and brownish black, according to the impurities present. When the colors appear in layers, the mineral is known as striped or ribbon jasper; the brown and yellow varieties are known as Egyptian jasper.

JAS'PER, WILLIAM (c.1750-79). An American soldier, born in South Carolina. He enlisted as a sergeant in the Second South Carolina Regiment in 1775, and at Fort Moultrie, on June 28, 1776, distinguished himself by recovering, through an act of personal bravery, the American colors which had fallen outside the walls. For this Governor Rutledge offered him a commission as lieutenant, but Jasper modestly refused because of his lack of education. He was commissioned by General Moultrie, however, to scour the country and harass the British outposts, and he be

came the hero of numberless adventures.

At

last, during the assault on Savannah, October 9, 1779, he fell mortally wounded, while trying to fasten his regimental colors on the parapet.

JASPER WARE. A form of porcelain, the invention of Josiah Wedgwood. After a long series of experiments carried on at his manufac tory in Burslem, England, he succeeded in 1773 of taking a very high polish. This he used in in producing a compact, hard paste, susceptible producing articles ornamented with cameo-work reliefs, etc.

See POTTERY.

JAS PILITE. A banded metamorphic sedimentary rock (q.v.) made up of alternate layers of iron-stained quartz particles (jasper) and iron oxide (hematite). The bright red of the jasper and the dark brown or black of the oxide of iron give the outcroppings of this rock a brilliant appearance. In the Lake Superior region this rock has considerable economic significance, for the reason that it has a constant geological position at the top of the ore-bearing formation. This upper contact of the formation having been one of accommodation, the jaspilite has been much plicated and fractured. It is capped by a bed of quartzite called the Goodrich quartzite.

JASSY, yäs'sê (Rum. IAŞI, ê-äsh′). The former capital of Moldavia, the northern division of Rumania, on the Bachlui, a tributary of the Pruth, a few miles from the Russian frontier, in about latitude 47° 25′ N. (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 1). It is irregularly built over a large area. Among its numerous churches, the most noteworthy are the newly restored cathedral, the Fifteenth-Century Church of Saint Nicholas, and

the Church of the Three Saints. There are also a number of interesting residences of the boyar families. Jassy is the seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan and of a Roman Catholic bishop. The educational institutions of the city include a university, with 805 students in 1905, a theological seminary, a military school, a school of art, a school of music, and a literary and scientific society. The industries are insignificant, but the commerce is important. The exports consist chiefly of agricultural and animal products, petroleum and salt, while the chief imports are foreign manufactures and coal. Population, in 1899, 78,069, about 50 per cent. being Jews; in 1905 (estimated), 78,687. Jassy was created a town in the Fourteenth Century, and became the residence of the Moldavian princes in 1565. A treaty of peace was concluded here between Russia and Turkey, on January 9, 1792, by which Russia acquired Otchakov and extended her frontiers to the Dniester. The struggle for Greek independwas inaugurated at Jassy by Alexander Ypsilanti in 1821.

ence

JASTROW, yäs'trô, IGNAZ (1856-). A German economist and historian, born in Nakel and educated at Breslau, Berlin and Göttingen. He became docent at Berlin in 1885; edited the Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft (188194); Sociale Praxis (1895-97); Das Gewerbegericht (1896 sqq.); and Der Arbeitsmarkt (1897 sqq.); and wrote: Geschichte des deutschen Einheitstraumes und seiner Erfüllung (1884; 4th ed. 1891); Socialliberal (1893, 2d ed. 1894); Die Einrichtung von Arbeitsnachweisen und Arbeitsnachweisverbänden (1900, 2d ed.); and, with George Winter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen (1879-1901). In 1904 he pursued industrial investigations in the United States, and in 1905 became professor of admin

istrative science at Berlin.

JASTROW, jǎs'trô, JOSEPH (1863—). An American psychologist, son of Marcus Jastrow. He was born in Warsaw, Poland, but went to Philadelphia in 1866. After graduating at the University of Pennsylvania in 1882, and devoting some time to graduate study there, he was fellow in psychology at Johns Hopkins University (188586), professor of psychology in the University of Wisconsin (1888 sqq.), and head of the psychological section in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Jastrow contributed to the Psychological Review, of which he was associate editor, and to other periodicals. He published: Time Relations of Mental Phenomena (1890); and Fact and Fable in Psychology (1900); and, with others, wrote Epitome of Three Sciences (1890).

JASTROW, MORRIS (or MARCUS) (18291903). An American rabbi and Talmudist. He was born at Rogasen in Prussian Poland, studied at the gymnasium there, and at the universities of Berlin and Halle, and in 1857 became assistant rabbi in Warsaw. His radical politics forced him from Russia in 1861. He was rabbi in Baden until 1863, at Worms until 1866, and, then coming to America, in Philadelphia until 1892, when he was named pastor emeritus. Prominent in Jewish education and charities, he is best known for his Talmudic learning, and as author of A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli, and Yerushalmi and the Midrashic Literature (1886 sqq.), and as editor of the

department of Talmud in the Jewish Encyclopædia.

JASTROW, MORRIS, JR. (1861-). An American Orientalist. He was born in Warsaw, Poland, came to Philadelphia in 1866, and, after graduation in 1881 at the University of Pennsylvania, studied Semitic languages and religions in Leipzig and in Paris. Returning to Philadelphia, Dr. Jastrow became professor of Semitic languages and university librarian in the University of Pennsylvania. Besides papers for the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, the American Journal of Semitic Languages, and the publications of the American Oriental Society and the Society of Biblical Literature, he wrote: The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (1898), The Study of Religion (1901), and Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (1902 sq.), and edited the Arabic text of the grammatical trealected Essays of James Darmesteter (with a tises of Abu Zakariyya Hayyug (1897); Sememoir; translation of the essays by Mrs. Morris Jastrow, Jr., 1895); and, with Professor Gottheil, a Semitic Study Series (1902 sqq.). He contributed articles on Semitic archæology to The New International Encyclopædia.

JÁSZBERÉNY, yäs'bě-ran-y'. A town of Hungary, on the Zagyva, 40 miles east of Budapest (Map: Hungary, G 3). Population, in 1900, 26,432, Magyars and mostly Catholics, employed in agriculture, and in trade in corn, cattle, and horses. There is a city hall with some archives.

JĀTAKA, jä’tå-kȧ (Skt., relating to birth, from jan, to beget). The name of a 'Book of Birth Stories,' a Buddhist work written in the Pali language, and containing 550 stories of incidents in the previous births of Sakya-muni, the Buddha, and to each of these tales is given a religious coloring at the close. This large collection forms a part of that division of Buddhist sacred canon known as the Sutta-piṭaka, or 'Basket of Discourses' (see PITAKA), and it is divided into twenty-two books, roughly classified according to the number of short rhythmical stanzas that are introduced into each narrative regarding some episode in an anterior birth. The Jatakas are of great importance in the study of folk lore. The Pali text of the stories has been edited by Fausböll, Jātaka, Together with Its Commentary (7 vols., London, 1879-97); the Pali introduction, sketching Buddhist life, has been translated into English by Rhys Davids (London, 1880), and a valuable translation of the whole is being made by Chalmers, Rouse, Francis, and Neil, under the editorship of Cowell, The Jatakas, or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, vols. i.-iii. (Cambridge, 1895 et seq.).

JÁTIVA, Hätềvả, or XÁTIVA, formerly SAN FELIPE DE JÁTIVA. A city in the Province of Valencia, Spain, 33 miles south of Valencia, on the railroad between that city and Madrid, in the midst of gardens, vineyards, and olive orchards (Map: Spain, E 3). It was formerly strongly fortified, and is still commanded by a castle situated on the brow of a hill. It has several fine promenades, and among its prominent buildings are an old collegiate church, formerly a cathedral, a silk exchange, a theatre, and a bullring. Its water-supply, brought through an aqueduct, is excellent, and is utilized in numerous fountains and several public laundries. Já