agement and public health consequence response. We are especially encouraged with the progress to date for a Washington Metropolitan Area Medical Strike Team. We meet frequently with the FBI to complete the draft Annex to the Federal operations in general and, in particular, for the upcoming Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.

FEMA is providing a wide variety of technical assistance and guidance to State and local governments for terrorism consequence management. This includes:

• The Chemical and Biological Information Network (CABIN). We will provide a data base which can reside on a portable computer that can be used for incident response to more than 200 chemical and biological agents and compounds. Information will be available on symptoms, treatment, decontamination, and protective equipment for agents that might be used in terrorist incidents. We currently are pilot testing this project in Boston, New York, Atlanta, Miami, Chicago, Detroit: Los Angeles: and San Francisco to ensure that it meets the needs of emergency managers.

• Forums for Governors' Senior Staff. In conjunction with the National Governors Association, FEMA will sponsor 2-3 forums for senior State staff on the terrorism threat and the roles and responsibilities of the State government in_planning for and responding to such an incident. The Governor's Guide to Emergency Management will be updated to address the terrorist threat.

• Working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, FEMA is developing a guide for local governments on how to identify potential targets for terrorism in a community. It will include strategies for protecting such facilities and/or making them less vulnerable to terrorist attack.

• Information Dissemination and Networking. FEMA routinely interacts with all aspects of State and local government on issues related to emergency management and has a number of established mechanisms for exchanging information with our customers. One example in the State and Local Emergency Management Data Users Group (SALEMDUG), which is a nation-wide computer bulletin board. When terrorists struck the Tokyo subway system with sarin gas last year, we used the SALEMDUG bulletin board to distribute information to State and local emergency managers regarding protective measures and other related issues.

FEMA has a number of training activities which, although not directly targeted at terrorism, support terrorism consequence management. These include courses on handling mass casualty incidents, radiological response training, hazardous materials response, and use of the Incident Command System and other disaster management response approaches. Training developed to support the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), which address characteristics and protective actions for chemical agents that might be used in an attack, also is available to State and local governments. A number of training activities related directly to terrorism have been developed or are under development. These include:

• On November 6-9, 1995, a joint FEMA/International Association of Fire Chiefs conference was convened for fire chiefs from the 75 largest metropolitan fire departments and European and Japanese fire chiefs. It was held to share lessons learned from recent terrorist events here and abroad. Results from the conference will be integrated by the FEMA Emergency Management Institute and the National Fire Academy into a course for field delivery.

• A course on how to conduct rescue operations at crime scenes is under development and will be offered in the coming year.

• An Integrated Emergency Management Course (IEMC) which focuses on the terrorism threat has been developed. This course addresses the roles and responsibilities of all of the various elements of a response, including those of fire, law enforcement, public works, law, medicine, etc., and culminates in a 1-day exercise. Two of these courses have been held to help Georgia prepare for the Olympics. Other courses incorporating a terrorism scenario, including one for the District of Columbia, are planned.

• The Emergency Management Institute has already developed a number of courses for on-scene management for responders. These include the courses on Mass Fatalities and the Community Emergency Response Team.

The disaster scene is not the place for emergency management personnel to either be meeting for the first time, or reading plans to determine what must be done. For this reason, we participate in, and host, exercises that bring together all responders who must work together. Terrorism is just one of the hazards addressed by our Comprehensive Exercise Program. However, many of the response functions (evacuation, search and rescue, sheltering, etc.) are similar regardless of the particular

cause of the disaster. Recent exercises relating specifically to the terrorism threat include:

• FEMA has participated in exercises to prepare for contingencies surrounding past Olympic Games, Presidential Inaugurations, and other high profile events in the United States.

• In 1993, we participated in an exercise known as CIVEX, which involved a biological terrorist incident (anthrax) in the New York City subways. In this exercise, the Federal departments and agencies under the Federal Response Plan and State and City officials worked through the issues that would surround such an event.

• Exercise MIRAGE GOLD was a joint Federal, State, and local technical field exercise of the National Emergency Search Team. This exercise focused primarily on the Crisis Management phase of a terrorist event.

• I-TRAP is a series of table-top exercises sponsored by the Department of Defense to address policy level coordination issues associated with the response to terrorist events within the United States and abroad.

• A series of exercises being held in preparation for the 1996 Olympic Games includes Exercise MIRRORED IMAGE, sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency; Exercise OLYMPIC CHARLIE, sponsored by the FBI; and Exercise CALYPSO WIND, sponsored by First U.S. Army.

• FEMA will be sponsoring Exercise ILL WIND in the coming year to test and evaluate the ability of Federal, State, and local governments to respond effectively to a biological terrorist event. This exercise will focus on the transition from crisis to consequence management and will be the first major test of the terrorism annex to the Federal Response Plan. A series of table top exercises are planned prior to Exercise ILL WIND, beginning with an internal FEMA exercise this Spring for senior FEMA management.

CONCLUSIONS

A nuclear, biological, or chemical attack by a terrorist is a disaster in the worst sense. While it is a national security and law enforcement problem, it also is a human problem because of its devastating effects on our people and institutions.

FEMA and the other Federal agencies have an agreed-upon mechanism, the Federal Response Plan, which is designed to respond in conjunction with other Federal plans to the consequences of any disaster, even a terrorist event. The plan has been tested in catastrophic disasters as we know them today. And the President has directed an in-depth assessment of its capability to deal with the consequences of weapons of mass destruction. That assessment will be completed in July 1996.

We know that the state and local capabilities to respond to a significant incident involving CBR weapons of mass destruction are limited. We are working with the National Governor's Association and other groups to conduct a strategic review of state planning and capabilities for responding to such incidents.

FEMA will continue to work at an accelerated pace with the FBI, the other Federal Response.Plan departments and agencies, volunteer agencies, and State and local emergency management authorities, to ensure that procedures are in place for timely and effective response, that tools are identified, and that training and exercises provide opportunities to practice response skills.

We have a great deal more to do to ensure that we have covered, as best as possible, all contingencies. In the meantime, emergency management teams are ready to deploy and a response plan is in place.

Thank you for this opportunity to provide information on FEMA's role in coordinating the Federal response to the consequences of a terrorist incident.

Senator NUNN [presiding]. Just on the subject of the Olympic Games, which I have a keen interest in, being in Georgia this year, how do you feel the coordination is going between the Federal agencies working on security on the Olympic Games?

Mr. HOLLISTER. Well, on security, sir, I would refer to the FBI. On the consequence management, we are doing very well, sir. We are working with our counterparts in the other Federal Response Plan agencies. We will have a standby disaster field office established down there ready to go, if needed. An element of our urban search and rescue teams will be pre-deployed. We are working aggressively in this arena, sir.

Senator NUNN. How about on security, Mr. Blitzer?

Mr. BLITZER. Senator, in terms of the security issue, I think we are doing well. The FBI has worked extremely hard with local authorities and the State authorities in terms of the law enforcement aspects of the Games and I think we are prepared. The overall security-there are still things that I think need to be done that perhaps go beyond law enforcement. I think there are resources that are needed and I know that we are working closely with DOD to obtain some of those resources that will be helpful to us. We are almost there, Senator. We have got some things to work on, but we are moving along very smartly.

Senator NUNN. The coordination is there, then?

Mr. BLITZER. Yes, sir.

Senator NUNN. Who do you consider to be the lead agency on the coordination aspects? Is that the FBI?

Mr. BLITZER. It has been a bifurcated effort between the local law enforcement authorities and the FBI. However, we are on the same committees. Whether it is tactical response or traffic management, or whatever it is, in terms of security we basically have worked as a team. We have had good cooperation.

Senator NUNN. Ambassador Holmes, do you concur in that?

Mr. HOLMES. I certainly do. As a matter of fact, anticipating your question, I address it in my opening remarks.

Senator NUNN. OK. Well, why don't you go ahead with your testimony and we will come back with questions.

TESTIMONY OF H. ALLEN HOLMES, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS AND LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Mr. HOLMES. Rather than summarize the extensive statement that I have submitted for the record, I would like to highlight some things and bring you up to date from last Friday when we had an important exercise.

I would like to thank you for this opportunity to discuss DOD's role in the interagency effort to counter terrorism and, in particular, dealing with weapons of mass destruction. Our efforts in this regard are not new. The administration inherited a good, functioning CT process from the Bush administration. However, world events caused DOD, along with our interagency counter-terrorism colleagues, to review their procedures and to concentrate their focus on two new dimensions of combatting terrorism-weapons of mass destruction and domestic terrorism.

DOD's review indicated that responding to WMD terrorist incidents was indeed very different from the classic hostage barricade situations and presents new tactical, technical and policy challenges. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed DOD counter-terrorism units to focus on tactical and technical issues through training, exercises and R&D efforts. For the past 3 years, our counter-terrorism units have worked hard and successfully at correcting technical and tactical shortfalls.

Our units have worked with DOE's Defense Programs Directorate to train our operators to deal with nuclear terrorism. We have conducted numerous exercises focused on nuclear terrorism, including no-notice exercises with DOE's NEST team. We are pro

gressing in a similar vein with DOD experts in chemical and biological matters. We are finding new challenges in these areas, but are making progress.

These efforts have been tied together at the interagency level through a series of tabletop exercises we have sponsored in SOLIC called I-TRAP, the Interagency Terrorism Response and Awareness Program. These exercises validate established or proposed interagency CT procedures. They involve players from the decisionmaking level to the tactical level. There have been five such exercises, beginning in 1993. Almost all have focused on weapons of mass destruction, and recently on domestic terrorism. The most recent was conducted last Friday.

There were other exercises. In particular, Mirage Gold, held in the fall of 1994, showed the degree to which our response procedures needed revision. The counter-terrorism community noted the following problems: a lack of synergy in interagency procedures, a disconnect between crisis management and consequence management, a failure to understand that there would be senior administration involvement in such incidents.

Senator NUNN. Was that exercise, Mirage Gold, a consequence management exercise as well as a response, or was it not consequence management?

Mr. HOLMES. No. It was crisis response.

Senator NUNN. When was the last time we had a consequence management exercise?

Mr. HOLMES. Well, we are doing it all the time in the I-TRAP exercises. We have brought the consequence management into direct connection with the crisis management, and all the required players-FEMA, the Public Health Service, ÉPA, the Federal Aviation Agency-are there working as a team.

Senator NUNN. But consequence management was not part of Mirage Gold?

Mr. HOLMES. No.

Senator NUNN. Well, then, when was the last major exercise we had that consequence management was part of?

Mr. HOLLISTER. Mirrored Image, we just had.

Senator NUNN. When was the last full field exercise we had where_consequence management was part of it? I am told it was 1986. Is that correct?

Mr. BLITZER. Yes, that is correct.

Senator NUNN. Mr. Blitzer mentioned that he has been critiqued for not bringing in local and State law enforcement in that, and emergency personnel. Well, if it has been since 1986 since we have had a consequence management full field exercise, that tells us something, doesn't it?

Mr. HOLMES. It shows that until recently we had not lashed together the crisis management and consequence management part of our government, which we now have.

If I am not mistaken, Clay, in the FBI exercise next month, which springs from the I-TRAP exercise we had on Friday, you will be testing a lot of those

Mr. BLITZER. We are going to have a very extensive 3-day exercise in Atlanta, Olympic-related, where we are going to test all of this, Senator. I might mention to you that in the series of I-TRAPS

that we have had, and at least two that I have participated in, heavy focus on consequence management in terms of the tabletop, which were very good complex exercises.

Senator NUNN. But not field exercises?

Mr. BLITZER. No, sir, not field. This one down in Atlanta will be. Senator NUNN. Well, the I-TRAP exercises where you get into consequence management-how much are you plugging in State and local emergency response teams?

Mr. HOLMES. We are doing that basically through FEMA and the Public Health Service.

Senator NUNN. Well, I will ask FEMA that question.

Mr. HOLLISTER. Yes, sir.

Senator NUNN. Are you plugging in State and local teams?

Mr. HOLLISTER. They are not at the table in these exercises. We are representing the Federal consequence part, and the concerns to keep the issue of notifying the governor and State authorities on the table and in the forefront during these

Senator NUNN. But aren't they going to have to do most of the response? I mean, you have got your hospitals in the local area; you have got the doctors, you have got the nurses, you have got the police, you have got the firemen. How in the world is the Federal Government going to respond to this kind of consequence when we don't have the resources there?

Mr. HOLLISTER. We are going to have a specific exercise to deal with the crisis transition to consequence management in 1997, sir. We are proposing that.

Senator NUNN. But the last time we have done this was 1986. That is 10 years.

Mr. HOLLISTER. Yes, sir.

Senator NUNN. That gap seems to me to be unexplainable.

Mr. HOLMES. My understanding is that the Public Health Service is already in touch with local medical authorities in the Atlanta area in preparation for the Olympic Games. Whether they have specifically exercised that, I can't say, but I know that they are working very closely in preparation for the Games to be able to respond to contingencies.

Senator NUNN. Well, I am not talking about specifically Atlanta nor specifically the Olympics. In our staff report, in their dealing with State and local officials all over the country, they ran into just almost unanimous opinion that the feds were not plugging them in and that they were ill-equipped to deal with consequence management and that nobody was really coordinating that in terms of field exercises, in terms of advance planning, in terms of them knowing how to get in touch, in terms of expertise, and in terms of training. Mr. Hollister?

Mr. HOLLISTER. Yes, sir. Certainly, we have not had a full field exercise in the consequence management of terrorism, but we do have training activities going on and awareness activities. The fire chief mentioned one with the International Association of Fire Chiefs. That is one. We are field-testing right now a software system for computers for first responders called CABIN, the Chemical and Biological Information Network. It will sit on a portable computer. I saw it yesterday. It provides information on more than 200 chemical and biological agents and lists the symptoms and precur