man, who had formerly been Governor of New York, where he had been distinguished because of his greed for land and money. He grew rich by plundering others. He was a courageous man, but became very unpopular with the Virginians, who suspected him of treason against them. They believed that he was taking sides with England in the troubles then about to lead to the Revolutionary war. Many of the Virginians believed that he had a secret understanding with the Indians, and had sent the savages against the army under General Lewis, in hope of crushing it and thus weakening the Virginians in the conflict with England, about to commence. These charges against Dunmore have never been successfully proved. That he was friendly with England, there is no doubt. He made no secret of it. That he opposed the tendencies toward independence which he observed among the Virginians, is also equally certain. But that he plotted with the Indians for the destruction of the army under General Lewis, is doubtful. The Virginians hated him so thoroughly that they finally drove him out of the country.

12. The Quebec Act.—There is no doubt that the Government of Great Britain, foreseeing the war for independence, took measures for weakening the colonies. The Quebec Act, as it was called, was planned with that object in view. The Province of Quebec, in Canada, was enlarged, and was extended southward and westward, to include western Pennsylvania and all of England's possessions north and west of the Ohio River. This was an effort to rob Pennsylvania and Virginia of their western lands, and to annex them to Canada. It was a repetition of the tactics of the French, who, at an earlier date, had attempted to confine the English colonies east of the Alleghanies. England tried to do the same thing by extending the Canadian province southward, giving it. Canadian laws, customs, religion, and people with French sentiments. The English Government understood that the carrying out of such a scheme would not strengthen Canada so

far as to render a movement for independence probable there, while it would so weaken the English colonies as to discourage the wish for independence already clearly discernable among the people. Canada was Catholic in religion, French in sentiment. The English colonies were Protestant. Great Britain attempted to array the one against the other; use one to threaten the other; cause one to fear the other; and thus compel both to lean upon the mother-country for strength and protection. But the Virginian army, when it pursued the Indians from Point Pleasant, invaded the Province of Quebec, assumed and exercised authority there, thus ignoring the Act by which Quebec had been extend to the Ohio River. The Revolution soon began, and the Americans restricted Quebec to its proper limits in Canada.

13. Famous Speech Attributed to Logan.-Among the documents preserved at the conference with the Indians at Camp Charlotte, was a written speech, purporting to have been delivered by Logan, the Mingo. Thomas Jefferson published it, and since then it has gained wide celebrity, and has been classed as the equal of the best speeches of the greatest orators. The language of the speech is as follows:

*

"I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate of peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, Logan is the friend of white men. I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man, Colonel Cresap, who last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered all the rela tives of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called upon me for revenge. I have sought

The French and Indian war was meant. The statement that he took no part in the war was not true. He was in one raid, at least, and committed depredations in Hampshire County.

it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my revenge. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear.

felt fear.

Logan never

He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one.'

It is now known that Logan was not the author of that speech. No one should have believed that an uneducated Indian could have used such classic language, and could quote, nearly word for word, passages from the Bible. The speech was written by Colonel John Gibson, in the absence of Logan. If it was written from any dictation by Logan, the dictation was interpreted by Simon Girty, a man who could neither read nor write, but who had lately seen the chief and had conversed with him.

CHAPTER X.

WEST VIRGINIA IN THE REVOLUTION.

1. Great Britain Arms the Indians.-The Dunmore war closed in the fall of 1774 and the Revolution began the next spring. During that war the present territory of West Virginia was not invaded by a British force, except one company of forty nearly a year after the surrender of Cornwallis. The State's remote position made it secure from attack from the east; but that very remoteness rendered it doubly liable to invasion from the west, where Great Britain had made allies of the Indians and had sent them against the frontiers, from Canada to Georgia, with full license to murder the helpless and the defenseless, as well as to wage war against those who were able to bear arms. The object which England had in employing Indians on the frontiers was to harrass the remote country. That would not only render it necessary that all the men of the settlements west of the mountains should stay at home for the defense of their families, but also that soldiers should be sent from the East to assist in repelling attacks upon the frontiers. Every soldier thus employed would be one less for the British to fight near the sea coast. Notwithstanding West Virginia's exposed position, on the west, it sent many soldiers to the Continental army. West Virginians were on almost every battlefield of the Revolution. That portion of

our State east of the Alleghanies was not invaded by Indians during the Revolution. From that region large numbers of soldiers joined the armies of Washington, Gates, and other patriots. The history of our State during the Revolution

deals principally with the trouble with the Indians and has little to do with events that occurred farther east and north,

2. Tories Plan Mischief.-There were a few people in West Virginia, both east and west of the Alleghanies, who adhered to the cause of England. They were called Tories. Only twice during the war were they able to make trouble; once in the Monongahela Valley and once on the South Branch. Agents of Great Britain bribed citizens in the Monongahela Valley, and perhaps elsewhere, to oppose the movement for independence. So overwhelming was the sentiment in favor of the cause of liberty that the Tories enjoyed short careers. On the Monongahela they were arrested wherever found, and their leader was drowned in Cheat River while on the way to prison. The uprising in Hampshire County was much more serious. The Tories began their rebellion by refusing to pay taxes. Colonel Van Meter, with thirty men, proceeded to their headquarters, in the present county of Grant. He found them armed and in much greater strength than he had anticipated. Thinking it best to make no attack he returned to Romney. But when the Tories organized a company, elected John Claypole their captain, and prepared to march off and join the British, they drew down upon themselves a military force from the Valley of Virginia and were completely conquered.

3. Invasions of West Virginia.-During the Revolution the territory of what is now West Virginia was four times invaded by Indian forces large enough to be called armies. Three of these expeditions were directed against Wheeling, and one against the Kanawha Valley. At the beginning of the war with England both the Americans and the British attempted to obtain the good will of the savages. The Americans strove to keep them at peace; the English sought to direct their hostility against the frontier settlements. In the summer of 1775 the Americans sent James Wood and Simon Girty on a mission of peace to the Ohio tribes. About the same time Con