and laden with spoils, the enemy returned to Fort Duquesne after the battle. The combined forces of the French and Indians at the battle did not equal one-half of the English army.

II. Indians Attack the Settlements.-The news of the defeat spread rapidly. The alarm was great. From New York to South Carolina the frontiers prepared for defense. Indians poured over the Alleghanies and attacked the settlements. From one end of the Virginia frontier to the other the smoke of burning cabins told that the savage was at work In the region along the Potomac, in Hampshire and Berkeley counties, the people took shelter in forts. Occasionally they sallied out and attacked the enemy with some success. But gradually the settlements were broken up, until only two forts between Winchester and Cumberland held out. Hundreds of panic-stricken refugees took shelter at Winchester; and many would not risk themselves even there, but retreated to older settlements. The colony on the Greenbrier River was broken up, and not a white man was left in West Virginia west of the Alleghanies. The savages raided the upper parts of the Valley of Virginia and broke into the settlements on the headwaters of the James River.

12. The Labors of Washington. That was the darkest period which the frontiers of Virginia ever knew. But in the gloomiest time, and in the hour of greatest danger, the courage of Washington never faltered, although his hope was often very low. He went from settlement to settlement, building forts and assisting and encouraging the people to arm and defend themselves. It was then that he wrote: "The supplicating tears of the women, and the moving petitions of the men, melt me with such deadly sorrow that I solemnly declare, if I know my own mind, I would offer myself a willing sacrifice to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the people's ease." The Governor of Virginia, not knowing what he ought to do, was about to order the

abandonment of the fort at Cumberland. Washington urged, in the strongest language, that such a course would be disastrous, and the fort remained. During all that time of danger, Washington never ceased to urge the sending of an army to the Ohio to drive the French from Fort Duquesne and thus break up the chief rallying place of the Indians. Three years elapsed before Washington's hope was realized.

13. Killbuck's Invasions.-The settlement on the South Branch 'were at times entirely broken up. At other times the farmers would venture back when there came a lull in Indian hostilities. The leaders of the Indians on their raids into that country were sometimes Frenchmen, sometimes their own chiefs, the most noted of whom was Killbuck. In 1756 he conducted a party of sixty into the present counties of Grant and Hardy, and committed many murders. Two years later with a band of about the same number, he invaded Pendleton County, and appeared before Fort Seybert, twelve miles northeast of the present town of Franklin. In all probability the fort could have made a successful resistance; but it surrendered without firing a shot. More than twenty of

the inmates were tomahawked. The Indians then returned to Fort Duquesne.

14. Expedition to the Ohio.-The first expedition by the English to the Ohio below Pittsburg occurred in 1756. The Indians had grown so troublesome that a body of militia was sent to invade their conntry, under command of General Andrew Lewis. In midwinter he marched with great hardship through the region south, of the Kanawha, crossed into Kentucky and was about to pass the Ohio River and enter the Indian country, when he was overtaken by a messenger with orders to return. He obeyed with reluctance. His men almost starved while returning. Eighteen years later he commanded the Virginia army at the battle. of Point Pleasant.

15. Expedition Against Fort Duquesne.-During the three

years which followed the defeat of General Braddock, Washington did not cease to urge upon the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America the necessity of driving the French from Fort Duquesne. Not until 1758 was he to see his cherished plan put into execution. The British had, however, in the meantime, carried the war into Canada; and having successfully attacked the French there, had greatly weakened them in that quarter, and thus had rendered easier the task of reducing Fort Duquesne. The expedition to the Ohio consisted of 6,000 men, made up of regulars from England and Scotland, and militia from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the other colonies. The whole force was under General Forbes; but the important work of the expedition was done by Washington. A new road was made from Cumberland to Pittsburg. The summer was spent in laborious road making. Had it not been for Washington, General Forbes would never have seen the Ohio.

16. Fort Duquesne Falls.-General Forbes was sick, unable to walk, or to ride on horseback. On November 5 he was yet many miles from the objective point of the expedition, and had decided not to advance further that season. But he permitted Washington to move forward with 2,500 men. Then began energetic work. Forbes with his whole army had been able to build only one mile of road a day. Washington, with less than half the army, made eight miles a day, and moved steadily toward the fort. On the night of November 24 a heavy explosion was heard. The magazine of Fort Duquesne had been blown up by the French, who despaired of resisting successfully the attack which they knew would be made within a few hours. They fled down the Ohio to Illinois. Washington's army arrived at the smoking ruins in time to see the last boatload of French disappearing round a bend in the Ohio.

17. The Result. The war closed soon after the fall of Fort Duquesne. The results were important and far-reaching. It

was a triumph for the Anglo-Saxon race. The Ohio Valley, and all the central and northern part of the North American continent, were rescued from the French, and the English became the rulers. The French and Indian war was a turning point in the history of America. Had the French succeeded in holding the country, and in colonizing it with French, there never could have been such a country as the United States. The war benefited the English colonies in

two ways.

It not only opened the West for them, but it taught them to trust one another, to fight together side by side. From that time the growth of the idea of union among the colonies began. It resulted, twenty years later, in the achievement of independence.

18. The Pontiac War. The ownership of the Ohio Valley, and the character of its settlement and civilization, were decided when the French gave up the struggle. But the Indians determined to hold the country for themselves, if possible. Under an energetic and able leader, named Pontiac, they formed a confederation of the majority of the tribes of western Canada, and of the region bounded on the south and west by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Rising in arms suddenly and without warning in 1763, they surprised many military posts and massacred the garrisons. Exposed settlements were broken up, particularly those between Pittsburg and Cumberland, and that on the Greenbrier River, where colonies had hastily established themselves at the close of the French At length General Bouquet, with an English army, defeated the Indians in a severe battle near Pittsburg, and soon afterwards compelled them to make peace.

war.

I.

CHAPTER IX.

THE DUNMORE WAR.

Hostilities Renewed. In the year 1774 there was war again on the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Murders, robberies, and retaliations, by the Indians and the settlers, early in the summer, caused a general alarm to spread throughout all the settlements west of the Alleghanies. Forts were built to which people fled for safety; but in many cases this precaution was not sufficient. Victims of savage butchery were numerous. The Indian known in history as Logan the Mingo, returned with thirty scalps from an expedition into the Monongahela Valley. A body of militia crossed into Ohio and burned an Indian village on the Muskingum River. This enraged the savages to a greater degree than before and they became more persistent in spreading destruction wherever their bands could penetrate. War raged along the whole frontier from western Pennsylvania to central Kentucky. The settlements were so widely scattered that the people could do little in the way of concentrating for mutual defense. Every cabin became a mark for savage attack.

2. An Army of Invasion.—Finding that the burning of a single town in the Indian country had not rendered the savages willing for peace, but rather the more aggressive, Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, prepared to march into their country with two thousand men, lay waste their towns, destroy their crops, and compel them to submit. Two armies, each of one thousand men, were equipped for the march by two routes. The Governor led the northern army from Cumberland to Pittsburg, thence down the Ohio to Wheeling