and philanthropic society of Lahore, we find the names of schoolmasters, government clerks in the canal and opium departments, traders, including a dealer in camel carts, an editor of a newspaper, a bookbinder, and a workman in a printing establishment. These men devote the hours of leisure left them after the completion of the day's labour to the preaching of their religion in the streets and bazaars of Indian cities, seeking to win converts from among Christians and Hindus, whose religious belief they controvert and attack."' Some missionaries write that unless the board can send them more money, they might as well come home, as they "cannot make bricks without straw." Such missionaries always have their full salaries, house rent, medical attendance, furlough expenses and at least a small appropriation for their work. We have scant sympathy with the idea that in such circumstances they cannot do enough to justify their presence on the field unless they have imported "straw." Adequate appropriations are, of course, highly desirable; but they are not indispensable. Any missionary can accomplish much that is worth while if he has nothing beside his own support, for he can get into sympathy with the natives, speak to them the message of Christ and exemplify that message by a life of loving helpfulness. There is of course a legitimate use of foreign money in the earlier stages of the work. Infancy must be helped. The boards should make such appropriations as an equitable distribution of funds will permit for the employment of native evangelists and helpers; but the number should be limited to real needs and the salary should be only that which will enable them to live near the plane of their countrymen, while they should be made to understand clearly that this pecuniary arrangement is temporary. We must insist, in season and out of season, line upon line and precept upon precept, that while 'Arnold, "The Preaching of Islam.” the missionary, being a foreigner, will be maintained by the people of America, the native pastors must not look to the boards, but to their own people, for their permanent support. It will take a long time to reach it, but the ideal should be foreign money for foreign missionaries and native money for native workers. Consider the example of Paul. He gave the infant churches under his care rich moral support and splendid spiritual leadership. He wrote them letters of Christian counsel. He revisited them as he had opportunity; but save in some temporary emergency, he left them financially to care for themselves and they had to stand on their own feet from the start or fall. We know that those early Christians did not fall, that they held their services in one another's houses or in the open air, that each man was a missionary for Christ among his friends and neighbours, and that they got along in that way until they were able to set apart one of their own number as a pastor and build a little church. And yet the Church grew mightily. The apostolic method is as good now as it was then. We confidently preach that Christianity is inherently adapted to every people. Then it ought to be able to live among them, particularly in the Orient where it started. The Holy Spirit is not limited in His operations by the sums that are sent from the home land. Experience, from the days of the apostles down, has shown that the best missionary work has been done with very little money beyond that which was necessary to maintain the missionary himself. We should resist the temptation to an artificial numerical growth which the free use of money can beget, and remember that one vigorous, self-reliant church is worth more to the cause of Christ than a dozen that are dependent upon foreign money. There must, of course, be due regard to local conditions. Neither the missions nor the boards should violently revolutionize in fields where the opposite policy has been long pursued. Self-support cannot be attained by immediately discharging all native helpers, or by so re ducing the work that nothing will be left to support. Change must be gradual; but no land will ever be evangelized until it has a self-propagating, self-governing native Church. Let us work and give and pray for this essential aim of missionary effort. The self-government of the native Church will be considered in the chapter on the Missionary and the Native Church. W III MISSIONARY ADMINISTRATION ORLD evangelization being the supreme work of the Church, the method of administration should be commensurate in scope and dignity with the task to be performed. Such a work cannot be properly done by individuals or by congregations acting separately. It is too vast, the distance too great, the single act too small. Local churches do not have the experience in dealing with missionary problems or the comprehensive knowledge of details necessary for the proper conduct of such an enterprise. Moreover, the individual may die or lose his money. The single church may become indifferent or discouraged. Even if neither of these alternatives happened, the work would lack stability. It would be fitful, sporadic, too largely dependent upon accidental knowledge or temporary emotion. A chance newspaper article or a visit from some enthusiastic missionary might direct a disproportionate stream of gifts to one field, while others equally or perhaps more important, would be neglected. The wise expenditure of large sums of money in far distant lands, the checks and safe-guards essential to prudent control, the equitable distribution of workers and forms of work, the proper balancing of interests between widely-scattered and isolated points, the formulation of principles of mission policy-all these require a central, administrative agency. This is a spiritual warfare on a vast scale, and war cannot be prosecuted by individuals fighting independently, however numerous or conscientious. There must be an army with its centralization of authority, its compactness of organization, its unity of movement, its persistence of purpose. The Japanese defeated the Chinese, not because they were abler, but because they were better organized. A church or a conference can, with comparative ease, supervise the simpler and more homogeneous work within its bounds and therefore under its immediate oversight; but the foreign missionary work is in distant lands, in different languages, among diverse peoples. It is, moreover, a varied and complex work, including not only churches, but day-schools, boarding schools, industrial schools, normal schools, colleges, academic, medical and theological, inquirers' classes, hospitals, dispensaries, the translation, publishing and selling of books and tracts, the purchase and care of property, the health and homes and furloughs of missionaries, fluctuating currencies of many kinds, negotiations with governments, and a mass of details little understood by the home Church. Problems and interrelations with other work and workers and questions of mission policy are involved, which, from the nature of the case, are entirely beyond the experience of the home minister and which call for an expert knowledge only possible to one who devotes his entire time to their acquisition. Missionary work has passed the experimental stage, and an apparently simple question may have bearings that even friends may not suspect. The experiment of having each state control its own regiments in a national war has been tried and with such disastrous results that it is not likely to be repeated. Dr. Cust says that "the conduct of missions in heathen and Mohammedan countries has already risen to the dignity of a science, only to be learned by long and continuous practice, discussion, reading and reflection; it is the occupation of the whole life and of many hours of each day of many able men selected for the particular purpose by the turns of their own minds, and the conviction of their colleagues that they have a special fitness for the duty." Dr. William N. Clarke, of Colgate University, expresses the opinion that "the interdenominational societies that have arisen do not prove to bring any great contribution to this |