How They Make Good.-Normal adjustment of the delinquent is attained when he can live in the community without injuring it. It is convenient to name four stages in the process of "making good": insight, transference, development of personality (growth of skill, clear ideas of new behavior-goals, and the wish for social esteem), and development of new relationships.---Miriam Van Waters, Survey Graphic, VI (October, 1924), 39-42. (VIII, 1.) C. W. H.

What Is Prison For?—The public is beginning to realize that the present system of prisons produces criminals instead of reducing their number. Rather than spend money for more prisons and more policemen, we should spend it for constructive measures. The improvement of economic conditions by which a man can be fairly certain of a livelihood would be a large factor in stabilizing the character of men and keeping them from crimes against property.-E. S. Hitchcock, Atlantic Monthly, CXXXIV (November, 1924), 612–15. (VIII, 1.) E. R. R.

Racial Pessimism.—In the last two decades skepticism has been growing as to the validity and permanence of Western civilization. (1) Is civilization bankrupt? Pessimists base their belief on biological and psychological grounds. There is an apparent deterioration of the race under the pressure of a cultural equipment which grows ever more complex and artificial while psychic equipment remains simple. High specialization of industrial life has increased the rift. (2) The peril of the white race. The whites, and particularly the Nordics, appear to be the special victims of this strain. The ethnic interpretation of history has recently had many advocates. This doctrine underestimates the cultural factor in social evolution. It is true that the non-whites are developing an aggressive color consciousness and that the whites are relatively declining in numbers, but the future of civilization does not depend on racial solidarity alone. (3) Pluralistic loyalty. Racial and national types of social organization retain something of tribalistic particularism. Culture interests have not yet attained their proper place as a basis of organization and control. They make for harmony and are the best agencies of peace in national and class relations. Multiple groupings involve multiple loyalties. The social sciences should give more attention to developing loyalty, which must be the basis of a new social synthesis.-U. G. Weatherly, Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XXVIII, The Trend of Population, 1–17. (VIÍI, 2; I, 2.)

Eugenics as Viewed by a Sociologist.-Because of the publicity gained for the facts showing the differential birth-rate, and for the movement for birth control, and for the results of intelligence testing, eugenics is attracting much attention. The movement needs to be scrutinized carefully if it is to be kept from doing harm. At present it seems to rest (aside from its scientific basis in genetics) on three assumptions: (1) that human nature is entirely hereditary; (2) that we have satisfactory means of selecting the superior stock; (3) that modern population growth is artificial and dysgenic as compared with that of earlier times, which was both natural and eugenic. All of these assumptions need to be proved before we can safely act upon them. There are many reasons for thinking that they are largely false. Sociologists as a class would deny the first, so it is passed over. A few reasons why the second and third cannot be fully accepted are given. But, supposing that we can pick out the intellectually superior, the question of whether they are also the people of superior social value is asked and some reasons adduced which seem to the author to make a negative answer necessary. Finally, some of the more certain elements in a rational eugenics program are mentioned.-Warren S. Thompson, Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XXVIII, The Trend of Population, 60-72. (VIII, 2.)

Marriage. There is room for much to be done in introducing reforms affecting marriage rights; however, action should be with caution. The marriage of certified insane and mentally defective persons should be prohibited. Certificates should be exchanged between the man and woman entering marriage, certifying their physical and mental fitness for such a step. Laws that would benefit the many at the cost of a few should be encouraged, and those that have dysgenic effects on the nation should be cast aside. Major Leonard Darwin, Eugenics Review, XVI (October, 1924), 177–82. (VIII, 2; II, 3.) P. T. D.

Population and Progress.—The white race is the most numerous people on the earth, totaling 57 per cent of the 1,750,000,000 inhabitants. It is this race that is increasing most rapidly today and, in order to keep up the standard of living, must progress economically as well. Among them we find the great strides in industry taking place. Population can be taken care of only through progress in which we have increased wealth and the means of increasing the food supply. Theorists claim that this increase in population will cause the downfall of civilization, in that the lower outstrip the better class of people in the size of the families. It is noticeable, however, that the better class has a lower death-rate, and the true results are yet to be seen.-George R. Davies, Scientific Monthly, XIX (December, 1924), 598–610. (VIII, 2; IV, 2.) P. T. D.

Occupational Differential Fecundity.-There is a marked differential fecundity between occupational groups in the United States, with the professional groups showing the lowest and the unskilled labor group, the highest. This leads to a distinguishable decline in the average mental ability of the children of the nation.-Hornell Hart, Scientific Monthly, XIX (November, 1924), 527-32. (VIII, 2.) P. P. D.

The Moral Aspect of Social Hygiene.-Social hygiene means the entire range of social activities which can be brought to bear to improve national and personal health. In efforts against venereal diseases, there is needed extension of our present educational propaganda and of all existing facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The elimination of venereal diseases can be obtained only by moral means. Training of the individual must begin in earliest childhood and continue throughout childhood and youth.-Arthur Newsholme, Journal of Social Hygiene, X (December, 1924), 513-32. (VIII, 3.) P. T. D.

The Juvenile Board of Health.-In co-operation with the County Health Unit is the Juvenile Board of Health, whose membership is elected by the pupils from their own number. They promote health habits and correct conditions in the home and in the school, such as ventilation, temperature, lighting, and sanitation.-Ralph Beachley. Nation's Health, VI (October 15, 1924), 676-78, 744. (VIII, 3.) C. W. H.

Mental Hygiene in the Universities.-Mental hygiene is still an undefinable term. Its main purpose is to get the individual to fit into surroundings by adjusting and arranging all of his life-problems. There is unlimited room for the development of mental hygiene in the schools and universities. It would take up the problems of human behavior and conduct and bring the professors into much closer contact with the students. -Stewart Paton, Scientific Monthly, XIX (December, 1924), 625–31. (VIII, 4.)

P. T. D.

Crime as a Medical Problem.-Scientific interpretation of conduct symptoms in terms of underlying causes is the first step toward treatment of the asocial individual according to his needs with the hope of curing his criminal tendencies.-A. L. Jacoby, Health, VI (August 15, 1924), 534–36. (VIII, 4.) C. W. H.

IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Methods of Study of Internal Migration and Distribution of Population in the United States.-This paper presents three sets of simple geographs which objectify certain facts of internal migration: first, movements of the American frontier; second, movements of population from state to state; third, movements of adolescents from a particular rural community over a period of 100 years. Such geographs as the first two sets are readily made from United States Census data. It is urged that even cultural studies on the mingling of populations and race elements be accompanied by such visualizing methods.-C. J. Galpín, Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XXVIII, The Trend of Population, 98-101. (IX, 1; III, 4.)

The Relation of the United States to International Statistics.-History of international statistics begins with the London International Exhibition of 1851, at which Quetelet suggested an International Statistical Congress. It was held at Brussels (1853) under his presidency and was followed by eight others and by a Permanent

Commission to further international co-operative work in statistics. The effort to strengthen the latter and give it a fixed home in Paris was wrecked in 1878 on German opposition, and both series of meetings came to an end. Somewhat the same international purpose was served thereafter by the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, which held its latest and perhaps last session at Washington in 1912. At the Jubilee meeting of the Royal Statistical Society, a new organization was started, modeled somewhat on the earlier Permanent Commission and with a limited professional membership. It met biennially, 1895-1913, and again in 1923. It plans to meet at Rome in 1925.

Kennedy, superintendent of the American Census of 1850, attended the London Exhibition of 1851 and visited several other European capitals with instructions to work for greater uniformity of international statistics, but did not materially affect the course of events. At the St. Petersburg session (1872) the Statistical Congress was invited by the United States Centennial Commission to hold its next meeting at Washington, and a year later, too late for acceptance, this informal invitation was ratified by Congress. A similar unofficial invitation was extended to the Statistical Institute by the American Economic Association and the American Statistical Association, and led to an ill-attended meeting at Chicago in 1893. The meeting at Washington in 1912 of the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography was arranged in close conformity with international precedents and is the only case of American participation in these international gatherings of which that can be said.-Walter F. Willcox, Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XXVIII, The Trend of Population, 17-31. (IX, i.)

Fallacies in the Use of Statistics.-In many of our studies today we draw conclusions from work done on a selected group instead of on groups taken at random. It is almost impossible to judge whether conclusions drawn from the actions of this selected group can be applied to the group as a whole. Figures can be furnished to prove almost any point when we feel the weight of change and think something ought to be done. It is possible to build up an argument on statistics that have no reliable foundation whatever. However, this procedure eventually results in the collapse of the argument.— Nell Scott, Family, V (December, 1924), 200-203. (IX, 1.) P. T. D.

Cost of Living Statistics of the U.S. Bureau of Labor and the National Industrial Conference Board.-This is a comparison of the two statistical studies made in relation to the cost of living in the United States by the United States Bureau of Labor and the National Industrial Conference. In percentages little discrepancy is noticed. The discrepancy that is noticed is not due to the weightings used, but to a difference in basic prices.-Elma Carr, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (December, 1924), 484-507. (IX, 1.) P. T. D.

Progress in Methods of Inquiry and Research in the Social and Economic Sciences. -The methods of research used in the social sciences-economics, political science, and sociology-are examined. The methods and difficulties of scientific induction in this field are considered. The specific ways in which these difficulties have been or may be overcome are by the use of three methods of social research, the historical, statistical, and case methods. Each of these forms of social research is related to scientific method. -F. Stuart Chapin, Scientific Monthly, XIX (October, 1924), 390-99. (IX, 1, 4.) E. R. R.

Magic, Mentality, and City Life.—Magic, and the "magical mode of thought," is regarded by Lévy-Bruhl as an index of primitive mentality. But the magical mode of thought, as Thorndyke's History of Magic shows, is not confined to primitive man. Much of our political thinking is in terms that Lévy-Bruhl would describe as pre-logical and primitive.

The West Indies, an ideal sociological laboratory, is peculiarly adapted to the study of the conditions under which the transition from pre-logical to scientific thought takes place.

The question raised by Lévy-Bruhl's investigation and Thorndyke's history is this: Is mentality, as Lévy-Bruhl uses the term, a function of the individual, the race, or the social group?

Is it possible to grade the intelligence of a community, as we now seek to grade the intelligence of individuals, by defining the limits of those regions of experience in which the leading minds (the intelligentzia) have learned to think in realistic and rational terms?-R. E. Park, Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XXVIII, The Trend of Population, 102-15. (İX, 2.)

International Biological Registration. This registration would take place through the "Identity Book," which renders it possible in the course of a few minutes to determine with absolute certainty whether a person is what he asserts himself to be, no matter in what part of the world he may happen to be. It serves the purpose of a complete life-history and protects the individual in every way. It will, without violent measures, serve to educate the people up to a higher conception of the duties of citizenship and to a feeling of social solidarity.-Jon Alfred Mjôen and Jon Bö, Eugenics Review, XVI (October, 1924), 183–88. (ÍX, 2; VIII, 2.)

P. T. D.

The Measure of Social Attitudes.-The scientific study of social attitudes involves the use of objective methods of investigation, interpretation, and evaluation. Two general methods are: (1) the study of behavior and experience, and (2) the direct determination of attitudes by securing opinions, getting answers to questions on certain topics, and other objective methods.-W. Clark Willis, Journal of Applied Sociology, VIII (July-August, 1924), 345-54. (IX, 2; I, 4.) P. P. D.

An Experiment in Supervision.—In the Boston Family Welfare Society, the practice was found effective of selecting about 10 per cent of the active cases, in which a plan of treatment should be definitely outlined on the records and checked up from time to time. Examples are given.-Elizabeth L. Holbrook, Family, V (October, 1924), 146–51. (IX, 2.) C. W. H.

The Psychology of Superior Children.-There is no psychology of superior children. Superiority has yet to be analyzed into its psychological constituents. There is no infallible index of superiority in general, because of variations in the rate at which the superior child develops and because of the fact that no trait thus far studied is inevitably present in superiority. Such a universal trait may be a superior mental organization, but "mental tests" are too largely measures of maturation rate and, being based on "average" performance, ignore completely that ingeniousness and originality which is an essential ingredient in superiority. Methods of determining superiority in school have progressed from the subjective to the objective and from achievement toward innate capacity. Discrepancies between capacity and achievement in school point to the need of further study of the superior to discover what hinders or facilitates the realization of their possibilities.-Albertine A. Richards-Nash, Pedagogical Seminary, XXXI (September, 1924), 209-46. (IX, 2.) E. L. S.

An Attempt to Articulate Processes.—A view is given of some of the processes which nine case workers of some experience use in case treatment through the interview. This is a result of the workers' attempt to analyze them.-Mary S. Brisely, Family, V (October, 1924), 157–61. (IX, 3.) C. W. H.

Opening the Way.-In the type of interview that takes place usually at the point of crisis in treatment, it should not be the case worker's intention to go much beyond the point of removing conflicts. She should allow time for reactions. Illustrations are given.-Anna Vlachos, Family, V (October, 1924), 153-57. (IX, 4.) C. W. H.

The Use of the Transfer within the Limits of the Office Interview.-The emotional going-over of the client to the case worker breaks down old fears and inhibitions, and provides a safe medium in which the growth of new thought, feelings, and habits becomes possible.-Jessie Taft, Family, V (October, 1924), 143–46. (IX, 4.) C. W. H.

The Contributions of Case Studies to Sociology.-The study of man himself must eventually play a great part in the development of sociology. This article gives examples of the weakness of contributions where such vital material is not taken into account and specifications for a better method-the scientific biographical method.

Case studies for knowledge of social groups have a great value, but there is danger in taking partial case studies for general interpretations. The case-study method leaves, however, much other material for sociological investigation. The author gives here a summary of the contributions that case studies can make to sociology, particularly in aiding it to become a science of control.-William Healey, Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. XXVIII, Trend of Population, 147-82. (IX, 4, 5.)

Personal Experiences and Social Research.-Personal experiences are the keys to all knowledge, opinions, ideas, beliefs, attitudes, convictions, and interpretations. Differences in the interpretation of a situation rest upon differences in experiences. Hence, for social research, there is a value in getting the significant experiences of the persons connected with any social problem. One must seek out the persons with significant experience, get their stories, and check them up by interviews with other persons. When secured and interpreted, these accounts shed more light upon social problems than can be found by any other method.-Emory S. Bogardus, Journal of Applied Sociology, VIII (May-June, 1924), 294–303. (IX, 4.) P. P. D.

X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY

OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

What Is a Social Problem?-A social problem means any social situation which attracts the attention of a considerable number of competent observers within a society, and demands a remedy by social action. It is not merely an objective situation. The number and character of social problems vary from place to place and from time to time. They may be classified according to source as (1) those due to unfavorable physical environment, (2) those arising from defects in the population, (3) those arising from faulty social organization, and (4) those arising from divergent ideals or class divisions within a society.-C. M. Case, Journal of Applied Sociology, VIII (MayJune, 1924), 268–73. (X, 3.) P. P. D.

The Growth of International Societies.-The modern organized political international society of today is built on the conceptions that there are great international interests common to all peoples; that these international interests are superior to the individual or sectional interests of each state; that there are common standards of right and justice; that it is the duty of all to act logically together and to uphold the public interest and the public morality.-P. J. N. Baker, Economica, XII (November, 1924), 262-71. (X, 4; VII, 3.) P. T. D.

The Ethics of John Dewey.-This system of ethics is scientific and pragmatic and yet expresses idealism in self-realization and human fellowship. Dewey has brought William James, the pragmatist, and Josiah Royce, the idealist, together. Dewey approaches the subject from the side of biology, psychology, and sociology, interpreting the accumulated results of research in the field of these sciences in terms of ethics. The recent tendencies in psychology are applied to the problem of conduct. All supernatural sanctions are discarded and morality is grounded squarely on evolution, human nature, and social environment.-J. V. Nash, Open Court, XXXVIII (September, 1924), 527– 38. (X, 4.)

E. L. S.

The Outlook for Civilization. The new outlook for civilization is made possible by modern psychology. Life is not in the grip of preordained fate, but of habits. An important factor in breaking down old habits has been the improvement of the means of transportation and communication. So far as human nature is concerned, there is nothing to prevent our educating ourselves deliberately and in a scientific manner to an attitude that makes the welfare of the human race its goal. During the past ten years a number of books have appeared by leading thinkers in the fields of psychology, sociology, politics, and history that advocate this new thought. For the first time in history, there is a movement that tends to bring civilization under the guidance of intelligence and in accordance with science.—Hermann Hilmer, Pedagogical Seminary, XXXI (September, 1924), 247–67. (X, 4; I, 4.) E. L. S.