of man." Suggestions for observation, incidents from child life, and bibliography enhance the usefulness of this study for teachers and parents.

The authors wrote Wholesome Childhood "to help parents maintain the wholesome homes that prevent the origin of those problems of childhood that, in the authors' experience, are most troublesome." Their approach to several problems, as those of finger-sucking, masturbation, obstinacy, and other habits, and those of punishment and repression, gives evidence of the careful testing of certain scientific hypotheses by observing the behavior of children in concrete situations. The reviewer cannot agree, however, that "fear must not be allowed to enter the life of an immature human being. . . . . Its affects are too . . . . insidious." Fear serves an inhibiting function in human life, and inhibition is necessary and often wholesome. The authors' treatment of fear, as well as their general attitude throughout the book, resembles Hartshorne's.

Professor Weigle's homily on the religious training of children in no way approaches Hartshorne's thesis. It offers nothing new, is didactic, and rises to scientific heights only in a few quotations from Dewey, James, and Thorndike.

Each of the sixteen distinguished joint authors of The Child: His Nature and His Needs was asked to sum up the present knowledge of children covered by his field, and to indicate the application of such known facts to the problems confronting parents, teachers, and social workers. The result is a symposium presented in clear English, exposing the kernel of each subject, stripped of technical language and undue emphasis on debatable theories. The materials are presented in three parts, describing the present status of knowledge of child nature, well-being, and education. Each part is opened by an article showing the gap between knowledge and practice, and citing certain social experiments which are bridging the gap. One is impressed with the ability of the authors, who include Goddard, White, and Baldwin, to interpret the facts in terms intelligible to the practical worker without sacrificing accuracy. Twenty pages of bibliography and eleven of biographies of authors add to the value of the volume.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

EVELYN BUCHAN

Trade Associations. By EMMETT HAY NAYLOR. New York: Ronald Press Co., 1921. Pp. 399. $5.00.

The Great Steel Strike. By WILLIAM Z. FOSTER. New York: B. W. Huebsch, Inc., 1920. Pp. 265. $1.75.

The Steel Strike of 1919. By the Interchurch World Movement. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920. Pp. 271.

Public Opinion and the Steel Strike of 1919. By The Interchurch World Movement. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1921.

Pp. 341.

The Morality of the Strike. By DONALD A. MCLEAN. New York: P. L. Kennedy & Sons, 1921. Pp. 189. $1.75.

Labor and Industry. A series of lectures by PERCY ALDEN and OTHERS. Manchester: Longmans, Green & Co., 1920. Pp. 284. $5.00.

Labor as an International Problem. A series of lectures edited by E. JOHN SOLANO. London: Macmillan & Co., 1920. Pp. 345. Trade Associations is written from the author's standpoint as secretary of such an organization. Its purpose is to serve as a guide for entrepreneurs in their union for the standardization of competition and the promotion of protective activities, such as the publication of market reports, prices, and costs, and the control of legislation. It is this practical aim which underlies chapters dealing with methods of organizing central and branch associations, calling and conducting meetings, establishing cost and statistical systems, and directing other routine matters. The sociological significance of the book, though foreign to the author's purpose, is to be found in the experiences leading to the organization of trade associations, the adjustment of the members to each other under the stress of outside pressure, and the development of altered attitudes resulting from the new types of contact. As accommodation between the enterprisers develops, the social distance between laborer and capitalist increases, thus organizing both employees and employers into conflict groups.

The three books dealing with the steel strike of 1919 form a noteworthy exhibit of the rôle of conflict in our cultural order. Foster's account is instructive because of its frankness in portraying the methods used in launching a strike among workers who for three decades had been ruled by a paternalistic despotism and who were thought to be incapable of organization. The two inquiries by the Interchurch World Movement show the insistence on the part of the cultural order that the conflict processes shall be subordinated to it. Men cannot indefinitely use others as tools without being questioned by that part of the public which devotes itself to the perpetuation of the human values in society. These two books are remarkable in that they attempt to appraise and adjudicate on the basis of facts relating to specific issues. The Morality of the Strike, by McLean, represents, by contrast, the medieval schoolman's approach to a

problem that is too complex for the method he has at hand-the pontifical pronouncements and the logician's generalizations arrived at independently of the concrete elements in the trade disputes.

The volume on Labor and Industry comprises a series of twelve lectures, most of which deal with various formal aspects of the labor question. Some of these, however, are devoted to the discussion of the human element in industry. In earlier times "trouble" was confined to one isolated locality or industry; now any overt dispute extends quickly over the industrial areas of the country. This is due to the increased interdependency of industrial society and to the extension of organization of labor and of management. Unrest is deplorable only when it fails to establish better adjustments between the human wishes and the social environment.

Labor as an International Problem is written by ten persons, each a specialist in his own field. The authors review the history, purpose, and possible outcome of the international labor legislation sponsored by the League of Nations. The following topics are discussed: international trade unionism, labor legislation in Japan, labor reforms in Belgium, the Washington Conference of 1919, and the proceedings of the international labor organization at the Peace Conference, and at the three subsequent international labor conferences.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

E. T. HILLER

Fundamentals of Social Psychology. By EMORY S. BOGARDUS. New York: Century Co., 1924. Pp. xi+475. $3.75.

This work, which has already received considerable attention, favorable and otherwise, deals with the following topics in order: the human, affective, cognitive, habitual, social, mirrored, and mirthful natures, isolation, stimulation, communication, suggestion, imitation, fashion imitation, custom diffusion, convention diffusion, discrimination, discussion, accomodation, assimilation, socialization, social groups, crowds and mobs, assemblies and publics, occupational groups, group opinion, group loyalties, group conflicts, group morale, group control, group control agencies, group control products, originality, genius and talent, invention and discovery, mental leadership, social leadership, prestige leadership, democratic leadership, leadership and social change, leadership and world progress.

It will be evident from this formidable Rossian list that each topic must receive but sketchy and summary treatment. It will also be obvious that the work is intended for beginners, and is largely a compilation.

There is not much in the way of research or originality. The reviewer was impressed by the air of finality prevailing, by an amount of dogmatism upon problems and at points where much uncertainty remains, by the oversimplification of that which is complex and obscure. Such characteristics reveal the teacher at work initiating novices. One does not properly speak of these features as defects, for the book was intended as a classroom guide.

Much in its favor are such features as the facility of expression, making the book most readable; the listing and survey of topics of accumulating scientific importance; the polarization of the discussion about interstimulation; the skilful avoidance of the instinct controversy; the continuous interspersal of illustrative examples; the consistent emphasis upon environmental pressures and learning; the approach to the main theme by way of social institutions; and the pertinent review outline, questions, and problems. These and other features make the work of great value to teachers looking for a text in this field. The space assigned for this review will not permit any discussion of certain positions taken on debatable issues, nor detailed references in support of the criticisms here mentioned.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

FREDERICK E. LUMLEY

Economic Motives: A Study in the Psychological Foundations of Economic Theory, with Some Reference to Other Social Sciences. By ZENAS CLARK DICKINSON. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1922. Pp. ix+304. $2.50.

Although Dr. Dickinson modestly indicates in his subtitle that his study has only incidental reference to "other social sciences," anyone interested in perfecting his grasp on the psychological fundamentals needed in sociological research will find in Economic Motives a very clear and effective summary of the subject. This book presents practically nothing in the way of new concrete data on the problems of either psychology in the narrow sense or the social sciences, but, in the judgment of the present reviewer, he has advanced the frontiers of psycho-sociological research appreciably in his analysis of some of the fundamental concepts of behavioristic psychology, as, for example, in his discussion of intelligence and the learning process. An important feature of the book is the author's attempt to reconcile as far as possible the modern psychological notion of "conditioned reflex" with the association psychology of Mill and Bain. Although he regards McDougall's Social Psychology as giving a treatment

of instincts valuable chiefly as an inspiration to further investigation of the problem of inborn behavior tendencies, Dr. Dickinson seems to fall into the same weakness with which he charges McDougall when he ventures to formulate a rather long list of "best-authenticated major groups" of inborn tendencies in men (p. 112). On the whole, this can be recommended as a worth-while addition to the library of anyone interested in any social-science field. FLOYD N. HOUSE

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE

Sociology and Political Theory. By HARRY ELMER BARNES. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1924. Pp. 260. $2.50.

In this little book, Harry Elmer Barnes has marshaled, analyzed, and synthesized the indispensable contribution which sociology has made to political science. The material is divided into thirteen chapters, which range all the way from the nature, origin, elements, form, and scope of the state, to social progress, international relations, and extra-legal phases of political processes. The work is almost in the nature of a classified encyclopedia of sociological thought along political lines, although there is a thread of unity throughout. The method has resulted, perhaps inevitably, in a slight repetition between chapters, but it is remarkable what a readable condensation has been made of such a vast field. The final chapter is somewhat unique in its treatment of "Political Theory and the Social Environment of the Writer." Here as elsewhere the material is of such fascinating interest that one wishes it were more detailed. On the other hand, an extensive bibliography, as well as copious footnotes, afford opportunity for the interested reader to turn to the original sources. The book should bring to sociologists a renewed sense of the significance of the work already done by the pioneers in the field. To the relatively few general treatises surveying sociological thought, such as those of Bogardus, Bristol, Lichtenberger, and Small, we now have added a clear analysis of all that sociologists have contributed to political theory.

YALE UNIVERSITY

JEROME DAVIS

The Economic Waste of Sin. By LAHMAN FORREST BOWER. New York: Abingdon Press, 1924. Pp. 272. $1.75.

This economic sermon, preached by a distinguished retired business man, is not just a bit of alarmist yellow journalism. It is a serious statistical attempt to translate antisocial conduct into dollar units of waste. It cannot fail to supply the preacher and the captain of industry with moral