Sur les croyances des indigènes de la subdivision de Sindara.-Symbols of native religion are: (1) Le Mouèri-the friend of man, symbol of force, power, virility, and truth. (2) L'Omburri—a good-for-nothing fellow, malicious, and bad, who pleases himself by laying snares for those not deserving of his favors. (3) L'Okoukoué-a dance in honor of the spirits of the dead, especially of the father. (4) Le Bouiti-the interceder of man before God, represented by a wooden statue of human form painted red and white. Pierre M. Daney, Revue Anthropologie, XXXIV (July-August, 1924), 272-82. (III, 6.)

P. T.

New Morals for Old: Modern Marriage and Ancient Laws.-Recognition of the necessity for sexual and social compatibility is accompanied by a demand for a further freedom of contract. Society is, obscurely and blindly, proposing that the law recognize a marriage contract which should continue until either party desired its termination. Revolutionary changes occur unnoticed, while our delusions persist.-Arthur Garfield Hayes, Nation, CXIX (August 20, 1924), 187-89. (III, 6; VII, 4.) C. W. H.

The Jew in Mexico.-Mexico lacks the universal Jewish question. Yet the Jew is becoming omnipresent, astoundingly unperceived. He is not hated, nor considered primarily as a Jew; therefore he is not aloof. The Jew is a Mexican and a factor in the social reorganization of Mexico. —Anita Brenner, Nation, CXIX (August_27, 1924), 211-12. (IV, 2.) C. W. H.

Puritanism: Its History, Spirit, and Influence.-The Puritans were conspicuous for their love of the Scriptures, integrity of conduct, and their fidelity to their conscientious convictions. We are indebted to them for the preserving industry and uprightness of character of the English people, and for our reverence for the Lord's Day. Their political principles were the outcome of their religious convictions and had a direct effect in molding the ideals of the men of that generation.-C. Sydney Carter, London Quarterly Review, CCLXXXIII (5th series, No. 55) (July, 1924), 79–90. (IV, 4.)

E. R. R.

V.

COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS

A Note on the Census Categories, "Urban" and "Rural.”—A comparison of the votes for Farmer-Labor candidates in Minnesota shows a marked difference between the small villages and the unincorporated places. Although both of these are classified as "rural" by the Census Bureau, the Census categories fail to correspond to significant differences in the social environment.-Stuart A. Rice, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 79–81. (V, 1; IX, 1.) E. R. R.

VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

A Country Parson of the Fifteenth Century.-In the British Museum is a scroll of parchment which has a very neat, accurate, and human account of the expenditures of a country parson five hundred years ago, and which shows the standard of living at that time.-W. R. N. Baron, London Quarterly Review, CCLXXXII (5th series, No. 54) (April, 1924), 198–204. (VI, 2.) E. R. R.

VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS

Disappearance of Culture. In ancient civilizations, drops in the cultural level would occur when there was a failure of the hereditary element to persist, when there had been a break in the continuity of craft or the disappearance of the ruling group. In our Western civilization, the only possibility of a great drop in the cultural level is that of the elimination of the population owing to physical degeneration.-W. J. Perry, Eugenics Review, XVI (July, 1924), 104-16. (VII ̧ 2; VIII, 2.) C. W. H.

The Old Religion and the New.-The impulse to think of ultimate issues is religious. The old religions are Mohammedanism, Buddhism, and Christianity. The dominant attitude of the new religion is confidence in reason. It repudiates all sources of truth not open to science, history, and philosophy; is a religion of morality, pure and simple; has no fixed rituals nor authoritative creeds; arises out of modern science and art; differs fundamentally from Christianity in that it is not concerned with interpretation of texts or creeds but finds its basis in experience.-C. Delisle Burns, International Journal of Ethics (October, 1924), pp. 82-92. (VII, 2.)

E. L. S.

The New Scientific Religion. Essays of a Biologist. Julian Huxley.-—Mr. Julian Huxley thinks man can and ought to do without the Christian religion, and proposes a new faith which seems to have been shaped upon the conception of Carlyle that the world is God and that the gods are men.-C. A. West, London Quarterly Review, CCLXXXIII (5th series, No. 55) (July, 1924), 29–39. (VÍI, 2.) E. R. R.

The Political Vote as a Frequency Distribution of Opinion.-Opinion upon public issues distributes itself in a manner approximating the normal curve. Inasmuch as most elections divide this scale of opinion at one and only one point the distribution is lost sight of.-Stuart A. Rice, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 70-75. (VII, 3.) E. R. R.

New Morals for Old: Communist Puritans.-The soviet state is omnipotent and omnipresent. Service to the state requires that luxury and license be restrained. Laissez faire is replaced by discipline. The individual communist is told how to act and live. Louis Fischer, Nation, CXIX (September 3, 1924), 235-36. (VII, 4; X, 4.) C. W. H.

VIII.

SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Current Problems in Mental Diagnosis.—An examination is here made in detail of the departments of clinical inquiry to see what is their contribution from the point of view of objectivity or scientific precision. We confront the present impossibility of accurately combining the different aspects of individuality into a composite whole. What are the effects of various influences upon the mental performance of the individual? Our greatest problem is to make a comprehensive clinical survey.-Edgar A. Roll, Journal of Delinquency, VIII (September-November, 1923), 270–77. _(VIII, 1.)

C. W. H.

A State Census of Mental Defectives.-Past censuses of the mentally defective have been limited to mere enumeration of the number and unsuccessful at that. A new kind of census is proposed, a statewide, continuative, school census, furnishing name and address, legalized by the courts, and placed in the hands of officials. The methods and uses of such a census are set forth.-F. Kuhlmann, Journal of Delinquency, VIII (September-November, 1923), 247-62. (VIII, 1.) C. W. H.

Studies in Testimony.-The purpose of these studies was to determine roughly, first, where lie the possible psycho-legal causes of testimonial error; and, secondly, what possible psychological relations may exist between the findings of judge and jury and the original testimony upon which such findings were based. Possibilities are cited for the practical improvement of the handling of testimony.-William M. Marston, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (May, 1924), 5–31. _ (VIII, 1.) C. W. H.

A Case of Supposed Sadism.-This is the case of a convicted murderer whose history seems to present the sequence of cerebro-spinal syphilis, lesion of the brain, a degree of paresis and the psychopathic condition conveniently called sadism. It is not suggested that the sadistic impulse was more than an impulse which could be resisted.-William Renwick Riddell, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (May, 1924), 32–41. (VIII, 1, 4.)

C. W. H.

The Rehabilitation of the Morally Handicapped: A Study in Social Service.— Studies of three hundred Jewish women were made by a private agency co-operating with the New York City Magistrates' Courts and Probation Department. Eightythree per cent of those whose probation had terminated were living under good home conditions, steady employment, and healthful recreation at the termination of their probation.-Alice D. Menken, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (May, 1924), 147–54. (VIII, 1; VI, 6.) C. W. H.

Marital Relations of Parents and Juvenile Delinquency.-The Division of Mental Defects and Delinquency of the New York State Board of Charities collected data on a large number of delinquents and a comparable number of unselected children. An intimate association was found between abnormal marital relations of parents-i.e., death, divorce, or separation among parents and juvenile delinquency.-John Slawson, Journal of Delinquency, VIII (September-November, 1923), 278-86. (VIII, 1; II, 3.) C. W. H.

From Pathology to Criminology.-Pathology is being extended to the field of abnormal mental conditions and in the future will go on to take in the field of abnormal social reactions. The methods of examination now used in general medicine need amplification to include the mental examination and the eleven major types of environment. By examination it is found the trouble is in all cases one of persons. The most logical method of control is to apply the principles of eugenics. A comprehensive, detailed history of five cases is appended.-Harry J. Gosline, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (May, 1924), 68–146. (VIII, 2, 4.) Č. W. H.

The Population Problem.-Basic to the population problem is the question of human fecundity. Ignorance here is abysmal, as it is upon other surrounding questions. There are problems of love and mating and of international changes following fluctuations in population distribution. Wise workers will keep a wide perspective in evaluating books on the problem. The writer appraises Mr. A. M. Carr-Saunders' Population Problem and Mr. Harold Wright's Population.-J. Lionel Tayler, Sociological Review, (April, 1924), 153-56. (VIII, 3.) C. W. H.

The Relation of Public Recreation to Problems of Sex.-Vice is restrained by vigorous athletics. Sex is sublimated by music, art, dancing, and religion. Recreation and social life are the best preventives of unwholesome imagination and the ill effects of continence. The only law to which we feel ourselves subject is the law of public opinion. This is effective in direct proportion to the intimacy of social life.Henry S. Curtis, Journal of Social Hygiene, X (April, 1924), 203–7. (VIII, 3.)

C. W. H.

A Case of Manic-Depressive Reaction with Psychic Impotence.-This case is a study of a patient who had clandestine relationships for over a year, followed by a severe depression and psychic impotence which caused him to fear marriage. The author interprets the patient's struggle as one who was driven to this woman by the mother-images and the trend away from the woman caused by inhibitory ethical influences.-O. H. Boltz, American Journal of Psychiatry (July, 1924), 57-75. (VIII, 4; IX, 5.) E. L. S.

IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

The Nature of an Unequivocal Price-Index and Quantity-Index.-A price-index is described which is based on unequivocal concepts, is readily understandable, and is easily computed. The underlying principles are elaborated and the mathematical derivation worked out.-Sir George H. Knibbs, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 42–60. (IX, 1.) E. R. R.

A New Index of Business Activity.-A new index of trade is compared with the rate of turnover of bank deposits and found to show approximately the same variations. Carl Snyder, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 36-41. (IX, 1.) E. R. R.

Four Types of Index Numbers of Farm Prices.-Four types of index numbers of farm prices are described: (1) an index of prices weighted by fixed annual quantities sold; (2) an index with seasonal variations eliminated, similarly weighted; (3) an index weighted by monthly sales; and (4) an index with seasonal variations eliminated and weighted by monthly sales.-L. H. Bean and O. C. Stine, Journal of American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 30-35. (IX, 1.) E. R. R.

Population Growth and the Volume of Building.-The customary method has been to put the volume of building on a per capita basis. It is more logical to measure the volume of building by a composite index combining two factors-the absolute size of the population and the growth of population.-Willford I. King, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 9-13. (IX, 1; VIII, 2.) E. R. R.

Some Fundamental Concepts of Statistics.-The primary function of investigation in economical statistics is purely descriptive. Various statistical devices such as tables, charts, periodic functions, and even coefficient of correlation are merely aids to a complete description. From these the statistician aims to draw an inference, usually looking to the future. In doing this the theory of numerical probability gives no assistance. The statistical conclusions, although they are expressed as probabilities, are not mathematical probabilities.-Warren M. Persons, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (March, 1924), 1–8. (IX, 1.) E. R. R.

A New Clearings Index of Business for Fifty Years.-An index of business is proposed which is obtained by dividing the amount of bank clearings by the index of general price level. The index obtained corresponds with the indexes obtained from industrial activity.-Carl Snyder, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (September, 1924), 329-35. (IX, 1; VII, 1.) E. R. R.

The Relation of the United States to International Statistics.-The statists of the United States have been unable to take a full part in the co-operative work of the International Statistical Institute because of the unwillingness of the government to recognize it officially by sending delegates or calling a meeting in America.-Walter F. Willcox, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (September, 1924), 348-61. (IX, 1.) E. R. R.

An Improved Method for Measuring the Seasonal Factor.-The writer describes a method of separating the seasonal factor from a general cyclic trend in economic statistics. It is believed that the new method here presented will prove itself superior to any heretofore published because it is easy to understand, can be computed with a reasonable degree of effort, and has the outstanding merit of giving a separate seasonal index for each year during the period.-W. Willford I. King, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (September, 1924), 301-13. (IX, 1; VII, 1.)

X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES

E. R. R.

Society, an Original Fact.-Society is an original fact-not a construct. Human nature is not fallen but incomplete. In the original social group there was only social conscience and no self-awareness. The normal social conscience is one of objective social harmony. In the complete realization of the normal social conscience the individual has found himself a part of an empirical reality beyond himself and including the human race. The position of the "faith-state" attained by the normal social conscience is that a universe which has produced society as an original fact has inherent power to remake the broken unity.-Bruce W. Brotherston, International Journal of Ethics (October, 1924), 24-40. (X, 3; I, 4.) E. L. S.

Work as an Ethical Concept.-Though a universal activity of man, ethicists overlook labor. Aversion to the concept work is both Greek and Christian. This is due to the ethicist's avoidance of the drudgery of work. Work furnishes a nucleus for

ethics which common man understands. The delusion that the good life is leisure must be eliminated. There is the opportunity for idealizing common work and using machinery to eliminate drudgery. Great ethical ideal is work that makes both a living and a life.-T. V. Smith, Journal of Philosophy (September 25, 1924), 543-54. (X, 4.) E. L. S.

A Code of Ethics for Business and Commercial Organizations.—The development of a business code of ethics has not been uniform. Largely through the influence of the International Rotary at present twenty-five American national organizations are attempting the formulation of an ethical code. The first attempts were crude, but the development of a code applicable to actual business conditions will contribute much to truth and honor in business relationships.-W. Brook Graves, International Journal of Ethics (October, 1924), 41–59. (X, 4; ̊ VII, 1.) E. L. S.

The Personality and Career of Woodrow Wilson. Of all of Mr. Wilson's qualities, his self-faith and confidence appear to have been constant, and at times to have greatly influenced his mental processes. Intellectually he always condescended. Politically he was intolerant. Socially he was unresponsive. These qualities are illustrated by many incidents in his academic and political career.-Harry Elmer Barnes, American Review, II (September-October, 1924), 529-42. (I, 1.)

E. R. R.

The Question of Racial Purity.-Proof of inherent mental differences of races has not been adduced. We must not assume to be hereditary any behavior which takes place without conscious reasoning. Likewise, we must reject arguments derived from cultural achievements. There is confusion as to what is "race." Local types of man are domesticated forms which are fairly uniform only in small inbred groups. In large areas family lines differ so much that we cannot speak of the hereditary characteristics of nations or races, unless the family lines of the groups compared are throughout distinct. Widely varying anatomical forms become functionally adjusted to similar environments. Psychological tests fail because the subjects tested are not equally adjusted. Extreme somatic forms do not represent pure races but are merely the most pronounced variants of local forms.-Franz Boas, American Mercury, III (October, 1924), 163-69. (I, 2; IV, 2.) R. R.

Right and Left-Handedness.-This article is a review of the literature on the subject.-June E. Downey, Psychological Bulletin, XXI (October, 1924), 595-603. (I, 2.) E. R. R.

The Nature of Suggestibility. In a circumstance of partial or complete helplessness the suggestible person simply relaxes and gives himself up to the situation, trusting that, as in the past, things will go well. The negativistic person, on the other hand, feeling that things are slipping, places himself on guard and resists all suggestions for fear he may think thoughts or do acts that are contrary to his ego.-John J. B. Morgan, Psychological Review, XXXI (November, 1924), 463–77. (I, 2.) E. R. R.

Psychological and Sociological Types.-In classifying individuals they may be grouped into either psychological types, on the basis of psychologically determined structure, or sociological types, on the basis of social reactions. The two sets of types do not correspond. This is especially noticeable in the classification of criminals. A possible solution is to be found in Kronfeld's concept of the individual's reactivity as a specific psychic interrelationship of functions. The types worked out on this basis turn out, however, to be sociological rather than psychological_types.―Heinrich Klüver, Psychological Review, XXXI (November, 1924), 456-62. (I, 2.) E. R. R.

The Interpretation of Facial Expression.-Six facial expressions, produced on a demonstration model, were presented to 716 subjects for judgment as to the emotion portrayed. The expressions for Anger and Dismayed gave a wide scatter of judgments, those for Horrified, Disdainful, Disgusted, and Bewildered a relatively high consistency of judgment. Analysis showed that the upper part of the face, eye and brow,