Practically two-thirds of the volume is given over to the treatment of crime. Yet as a contribution to sociology the chapters on the causes of crime are, in the judgment of the reviewer, easily the best. They point the way to a work devoted exclusively to the sociology of crime. E. W. BURGESS UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Political Parties and Electoral Problems. By ROBERT C. BROOKS. New York and London: Harper & Bros., 1923. Pp. x+638. $3.50. The Evolution of the Politician. By R. D. BOWDEN. Boston: Stratford Co., 1924. Pp. 248. $2.50. From the viewpoint of the sociologist, the new volume by Professor Brooks must be regarded as rather more of a relapse than of an achievement. It has returned to the chronological treatment of party history in the United States, and it has made little systematic effort to apply those generalized categories of interpretation which figure so suggestively in the treatise by Professor Merriam on The American Party System and in the one by Professor Holcombe on Political Parties of To-day. The book is principally concerned with a description of the pulleys and wheels of the nominating and electing system, and as such is quite serviceable to the political mechanician. The raw facts of the campaigns of 1916 and of 1920 are detailed with some care, but the attempts at analysis are frail. A concluding chapter contains much advice on how to get into active politics; this is based on correspondence and conference with a variety of public figures. The book by Mr. Bowden is a brief, popular version of some party history and certain legislative problems. Its chief claim to individuality seems to lie in the concealment of ideas behind such coinages as "organocracy" and "politicastocracy." UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HAROLD D. LASSWELL RECENT LITERATURE NOTES AND ABSTRACTS The abstracts and bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of D. E. Proctor, by C. W. Hayes, E. L. Setterlund, Mrs. G. J. Rich, Flora Levy, R. Redfield, and P. T. Diefenderfer, of the Department of Sociology, of the University of Chicago, Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification. A TENTATIVE SCHEME FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LITERATURE OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON 1. Biography 2. Original Nature: Instinct, Temperament, Racial Traits 3. Child Study 4. Social Psychology, Social Attitudes, and the Genesis of the Person II. THE FAMILY 1. The Natural History of the Family and the Psychology of Sex 2. The Historical Family and Family as an Institution 3. The Modern Family and Its Problems III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS 1. Social Origins and Primitive Society 2. Folklore, Myth, and Language 3. Histories of Cultural Groups (Kulturgeschichte) 4. Immigrants, Immigration, and Distribution of Population 5. Colonial Problems and Missions 6. Comparative Studies of Cultural Traits; Religion, Mores, Customs, and Traditions IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS 1. Classes and the Class Struggle; Labor and Capital 2. Nationalities and Races 3. Political Parties and Political Doctrines 4. Religious Denominations and Sects V. COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS 1. The Rural Community and Its Problems 2. The City and Its Areas 3. Social and Communal Organization VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 1. Home and Housing 2. The Church and the Local Community 3. The School and the Social Center 4. Play, the Playhouse, and Playgrounds 5. Courts and Legislation 6. Social Agencies 7. Other Institutions VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS 1. The Economic Process: Economic and Industrial Organization 2. The Cultural Process: Education and Religion 3. The Political Process: Politics and the Formation of Public Opinion 4. Collective Behavior. Social Change and Social Progress; Fashion, Reform, and Revolution VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION 1. Poverty, Crime, and Deficiency 2. Eugenics, Dysgenics, and Problems of Population 3. Problems of Public Health and Social Hygiene 4. Insanity and the Pathology of the Person 5. Vice: Alcoholism, Prostitution, Gambling IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 1. Statistics, Graphic Representation 2. Mental and Social Measurements 3. Social Surveys: Community Organization, Community Education, Health, Government, Mental Hygiene, etc. 4. Case Studies and Social Diagnosis 5. Life-Histories and Psychoanalysis X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 1. History of Sociology 2. Logic of the Social Sciences 3. Social Philosophy and Social Science 4. Social Ethics and Social Politics 5. Sociology in Its Relation to Other Sciences 6. Methods of Teaching Sociology I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON Religion and Instinct. In this article the attempt is made to give a more definite explanation of the subliminal factors which become active in such experiences as religious conversions. The author suggests that conscience may be classed with instincts, as the intuitive experience of the demand for social unity. This instinct is the directing force in spiritual integration. Like all instincts, it points toward an objective world with which we are in relation.-Bruce W. Brotherston, Journal of Religion, IV (September, 1924), 504-21. (I, 2; VII, 2.) E. L. S. On Certain Aspects of the Religious Sentiment.-Psychologically a sentiment may be defined as an organization with reference to some objects of the most persistent, powerful, and recurring impulses. A religious sentiment is an organization of a man's deeper impulses about an object that he believes to be superhuman. In its ethical aspect the religious sentiment is rationalized as the virtue of reverence. Is the religious sentiment and its virtue of reverence a logical rationalization or a pseudo-rationalization?-W. K. Wright, Journal of Religion, IV (September, 1924), 449-63. (I, 2; VII, 2.) E. L. S. Instincts, Habits, and Intelligence in Social Life.-Fairs, Ayres, and others are disposed to deny specific inborn tendencies and account for behavior as the result of particular cultural factors under which the individual develops. Dunlap, Kuo, and others interpret behavior in terms of neural structure and functions together with other bodily functions. McDougal and Thorndike assert that man is born with a number of specific instincts which are the primary determinants of behavior. The author holds the "middle-of-the-road position." Both habit and instincts are important though opinion differs as to their relative importance.-Seba Eldridge, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XIX (July-September, 1924), 142–54. (I, 2.) E. L. S. The Study of the Undivided Personality.-Any mere abstraction of personality traits ignores the fact that form quality, the combination of traits, is lost in such an analysis. This form quality, an attribute of the entire integrated personality, is manifest in every act of the individual. In a common-sense knowledge of personality we are unaware of the signs of this perception. A thoroughgoing comprehension of personality involves a sympathetic understanding of the individual's driving interests and sentiments and the way that these are organized and expressed in his habitual adjustments to the major problems of life. Such comprehension is gained through a kind of "empathy," the genetic nature of which is not clear, but which insures an intuitive understanding of the total personality.-G. W. Allport, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XIX (July-September, 1924,) 132–41. (I, 2.) E. L. S. Les races de l'Europe, essai de classement général. The principal races of Europe are: (1) dolichocephalic blondes of large stature (Scandinavians), (2) underbrachicephalic blondes of small stature (Russians), (3) dolichocephalic brunettes of small stature (Portugese), (4) brachicephalic brunettes of small stature (Auvergnats), (5) mesocephalic brunettes of large stature (Spanish), (6) brachicephalic brunettes of large stature (Bosnians). The secondary races are: (a) Sub-Nordic-blonde dolichocephalic of large stature, (b) Vistulien-blond underbrachicephalic of small stature, (c) Nord-Occidental-brunette mesocephalic of large stature, (d) Sub-Adriaticbrunette brachicephalic of large stature.-Eugene Pittard, Revue internationale de sociologie, XXXII (July-August, 1924), 337-50. (I, 2; IV, 2.) P. T. D. The Development and Evolution of Mind.-Freud suggests that oral, anal, and muscle erotisms are psychological vestigial phases homologous with certain organic ancestral forms. The psychoanalysts are unaware of the implications of the mental recapitulation theory. Their statements lack inductive evidence. There are no evidences of biological evolution having taken place during the history of our culture. It is inconceivable that changes in culture should have been paralleled by changes in the innate endowment of cerebral development. The evolution of mind is not one in the biological sense, but involves the social processes of history and the assimilation of culture and is explained, not by biological mechanisms, but by a social psychology.— I. D. Suttie, Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology, V (August, 1924), 133-45. (I, 2; I, 4.) E. L. S. On Certain Aspects of Religious Sentiments.—The paper indicates certain of the psychological, ethical, and theological aspects of the doctrine of sentiment that are of special interest for the philosophy of religion.-William Wright Kelley, Journal of Religion, IV (September, 1924), 449–63. (I, 4.) E. R. R. Dreams of Orphan Children.-While giving mental tests to children in various orphanages, the writer asked 105 children about their dreams. The children are numbered. After each child's number is given his chronological age, his mental age, and his intelligent quotient, and finally his answers to questions about his dreams. A review of the cases shows that home and family life is by far the most frequent subject mentioned as filling their dream life.-Kate Gordon, Journal of Delinquency, VIII (September-November, 1923), 287–91. (I, 4; II, 3; IX, 5.) C. W. H. II. THE FAMILY Is the Family of Five Typical?-The burden of dependents upon all wage-earners varies widely. The majority of workers have fewer dependents than a wife and three children, although those that do have form a considerable percentage (10-15 per cent). To pay all workers a wage sufficient to maintain a family of five would be just and adequate for only a small percentage of the workers.-Paul H. Douglas, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (September, 1924), 314-28. (II, 3; VIII, 1.) E. R. R. United States Divorce Rates, 1922.-Divorce rates for 1922 are given for the United States as a whole by geographical divisions and by separate states. The divorce rate east of the Mississippi is about four-fifths of the average for the country while that west of the Mississippi is nearly one-half greater than the country's average. Among the eastern and central states the divorce rate is greater in the South than in the North. Excluding Nevada, the rate was the highest in Arkansas, about ten times that in the District of Columbia, which was the lowest.-Walter F. Willcox, Journal of the American Statistical Association, XIX (September, 1924), 387–89. (ÍÍ, 3.) E. R. R. III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS Les institutions des vallées d'Andorre.-The Andorre Valley is isolated from the rest of the world by high mountain ranges, located on the French-Spanish border. It has political, economic, judicial, and religious institutions so far advanced that contemporary sociologists think that at least some of our institutions have developed from this section.-Max Gilbert, Revue internationale de sociologie, XXXII (July-August, 1924), 350-70. (III, 1; V, 4.) P. T. D. Chez les Indiens du haut Arauca.-The life of the different Indian tribes found on the high plateaus east of Venezuela is described in terms of their homes, feelings, characteristics, religion, kinds of business, and general topography and plant and animal life of the communities.-H. Rochereau, L' Anthropologie, XXXIV (Nos. 3-4, 1924), 255-82. (III, 1.) P. T. D. Les expéditions maritimes, institution sociale en Mêlanêsie Occidentale.-Comparison of the clans of the Melanesie Islands, disclose the fact that the island groups resemble one another, notwithstanding the differences which are perhaps encountered in the race, the language, culture, and the political organization, the clan totemiques or even to the smaller clan totemiques.-M. Raymond Lenoir, L'Anthropologie, XXXIV, 387-410. (III, 1.) P. T. D. Natchez Political Evolution.-The Natchez is the only culture of the southeastern coast of North America on which there is an abundance of material for study. It is more comparable to Old World than to other known American cultures in its most peculiar and important traits of politico-social organization, and is consequently of especial interest in the general problem of convergent evolution versus diffusion by migration and by imitation. Its peculiarities of political structure, moreover, are such that all controversies as to the causes and content of social stratification must take careful account of them.-William Christie MacLeod, American Anthropologist, XXVI (April-June, 1924), 201–29. (III, 3.) E. R. R. "Pilgrim's Progress" as a Source Book of English History.-Bunyan served in the Parliamentary Army and took part in the decisive campaign of 1645. In his allegory he gives a great deal of information concerning the England in which he lived, wrought, and suffered, not directly perhaps, but by way of observation and inference.W. Ernest Beet, London Quarterly Review, CCLXXXII (5th series, No. 54)_(April, 1924), 167-76. (III, 3.) E. R. R. La tutela e l'assistenza dell'emigrante.-This article contains discussion and criticism of the international conference that was held at Rome. Each problem is taken up separately and reviewed with a suggestion at the outcome to be expected. Finally, the assistance and guardianship of the emigrants will not be so much in philanthropic character as of true economic property. It will be a new investment for the collaboration of the world, finally, showing on the horizon a new form for politics; in emigration. Celestino Arena, Rivista Internazionale, XCIX (August, 1924), 294–315. (III, 4.) P. T. D. The Modern Chinese Cult of Ancestors. This article describes the various phases of the cult of ancestors in popular Chinese religion, including the ceremonies for the uncared-for "beggar spirits." The materials are presented as a basis for an estimate of its significance as an element of religion. Is it a continuation of an ancient custom of tendance of the dead? Is it the result in Chinese life of the special stress on filiar piety and the family system? Or is it worship?—James Thayer Addison, Journal of Religion, IV (September, 1924), 492-503. (ÎII, 6; II, 2.) E. R. R. |