No radical statute change is necessary to classify inmates for housing and work.Edith Sellers, Contemporary Review, CXXV (April, 1924), 451–59. (VÏII, 1.)

W. M. G.

Socio-psychiatric Delinquency Studies from the Psychopathic Clinic of the Recorder's Court, Detroit.-On the basis of case analysis of 1,988 offenders of all degrees, a high rate of psychiatric and phrenic deviation was determined, with high incidence of recidivism, and further, a very gratifying degree of unity as concerns the legal and socio-medical mechanisms. There was shown, in addition, low foreign but heavy male and negro representation in offense.-Theophile Raphael et. al., Mental Hygiene, VIII (April, 1924), 453-65. (VIII, 1.) M. W. R.

Mental and Moral Problems of the Woman Probationer.-By a special method of family case work the probationer deals with mental deviates, the inadequate and the emotionally unstable, psychoneurotic, and psychotic individuals. One hundred and sixty-two families, representing 645 children, have already been cared for. Failure in 23 per cent of the cases has resulted, largely because of mental conditions. Seventyone per cent of these had to be hospitalized; the remaining 29 per cent are still being carried.-Nellie L. Perkins, Mental Hygiene, VIII (April, 1924), 506–21. (VIII, 1.)

M. W. R.

Degenerationsproblemet. (The Problem of Degeneration).-The idea of a golden age in the past and a degenerating world has been a common one among all peoples. The measure of degeneration should be the death-rate among any people. If we observe this, it gainsays any theory of degeneration at present. Racial intermixture is one of the weighty problems, but disease, alcoholism, and narcotics play a part. The remedy lies largely in health education in which America has made a notable progress. Unless Europe soon resumes conditions of peace, it may be that her peoples will degenerate to such an extent that they will find it difficult if not impossible to regain their place in the world.-Sören Hansen, Nordisk Tidskrift (Häft 1, 1923), 22-38. (VIII, 2.) F. H. S.

The Opium Question.-The fight against the opium and narcotic drug traffic has progressed by three stages: (1) the edict prohibiting opium smoking by the Chinese emperor, Young Cheng, in 1729; (2) President Roosevelt's call for an international commission, which met at Shanghai in 1909; (3) agreement of the members of the League of Nations to take general supervision over execution of agreements with regard to the traffic. Discussions of the opium problem seem to have brought general agreement upon three principles: (1) The use of opium for purposes other than medicinal or scientific is an evil and should be abolished. (2) The non-medical use of opium and narcotic drugs can only be suppressed by curtailing their production. (3) Drug control cannot be effective unless it is international.-Quincy Wright, American Journal of International Law, XVIII (April, 1924), 281–95. ˇ(VIII, 3.) M. W. R.

Prohibition and Alcoholic Mental Diseases.-Alcoholic insanity in this country is now much less prevalent than it was in 1910, but more prevalent than in 1920. The rate of alcoholic insanity is much higher among the foreign-born and negroes than among the native white. The rate is much higher in cities than in rural districts. With respect to education, economic conditions, and marriage, patients with alcoholic insanity do not differ greatly from the general average adult population.—Horatio M. Pollock and Edith M. Forbush, Mental Hygiene, VIII (April, 1924), 548–70. (VIII, 4, 5.) M. W. R.

Twelve-Months Recreation. Recently 281 cities with year-round recreation have sent reports to the Playground and Recreation Association of America. As a prevention of delinquencies and an insurance for health and citizenship it is greater civic economy to provide such recreation. Cities of eight thousand population or more should make such provision.-F. R. McNinch, National Municipal Review, XIII (May, 1924), 261-67. (VI, 4; VIII, 1.) M. W. R.

Chun Kuo Tsi Ye Tsi Liu Du.-The Course of Prostitution in China. of prostitution is proportional to the growth of modern cities in China. cause is economic; practically all prostitutes are from poor families.

The spread The greatest The old sys

tem of buying maid-servants from poor families also had a great influence. The lack of adequate social control is another reason. A social movement for studying this problem as well as for controlling it has been started in different cities and provinces in recent years.-The Chinese Health Educational Association, Chinese Journal of Sociology, I (February, 1922), 63–71. (VIII, 1.) T. C. W.

IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Personal Experiences and Social Research.-A fruitful method of social research is that which seeks personal experiences. Both the facts and the interpretations of them are found in personal experiences. It requires a period of exploration to make personal experiences objective, and to seek at the fundamentals regarding personal attitudes. The best research document is the letter written by one person to an intimate friend.-Emory S. Bogardus, Journal of Applied Sociology, VIII (May-June, 1924), 294-303. (IX, 4; I, 4.) T. C. W.

The Greatest Research Chance in the World.-As never before the world needs a great anthropological survey of the results of race-crossing in the regions where it is going on or has recently occurred. The enterprise would require a board of anthropologists, ethnologists, and sociologists to work out questionnaires for the field workers, as well as to determine the measurements to be taken and the data to be sought.E. A. Ross, Journal of Social Forces, II (June, 1924), 549-50. (IX, 2; IV, 2.)

T. C. W.

Group Estimates of the Frequency of Misconduct.-Some six-hundred odd students at the University of Texas rated the relative frequency of the ten worst types of misconduct over a period of four years. Sixteen different types were suggested and agreed upon to a correlation of over .90. The judgment of each sex regarding the other differed from the rating of each sex on itself by only a slight amount.-A. P. Brogan, International Journal of Ethics, XXXIV (April, 1924), 254-71. (IX, 3.)

W. M. G.

Method Employed in an Experiment in Advising a General Social Case-Work Agency on Psychiatric Social Problems. According to the new policy of the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene, advice is given to various social agencies with regard to their case instead of taking over the cases from them. The experiment is being tried out in co-operation with the United Charities of Chicago. The chief aim is to give the social case-worker the psychiatric-social point of view.-Helen L. Myrick, Mental Hygiene, VIII (April, 1924), 522–29. (IX, 4.) M. W. R.

The Psychiatric Clinic in the Treatment of Conduct Disorders of Children and the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency.-Modern psychiatrists study the individual as a whole, i.e., all those factors, intrinsic as well as extrinsic, that influence his lifebehavior, and map out, in the light of psychiatric understanding of his case, a wellrounded plan of treatment. Thus, modern psychiatrists are closely co-operating with psychologists, sociologists, educators, social workers, as in the St. Louis demonstration. -Victor V. Anderson, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XXV (November, 1923), 414-56. (IX, 5; I, 4.) T. C. W.

Measurement of Intelligence.-Existing instruments of measurement represent enormous improvements over what was available twenty years ago, but three fundamental defects remain. It is not known just what they measure; how far it is proper to add, subtract, multiply, divide, and compute ratios with the measures obtained; and just what the measures obtained signify concerning intellect.-E. L. Thorndike, Psychological Review, XXXI (May, 1924), 219-52. (IX, 2.) M. W. R.

The Significance of Social Research in Social Service.-The new point of view toward case studies, the recent emphasis upon community studies, and a knowledge of the very different ways in which the communities have succeeded or have failed to meet the fundamental demands or wishes of human nature, represent the sorts of research which are most important to social service.-Robert E. Park, Journal of Applied Sociology, VIII (May-June, 1924), 263–67. (IX, 4.) T. C. W.

X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF

THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

History and Social Intelligence.-Most of the historical writings down to our generation lacked in reliability as to statements of facts. The new historical writing is to furnish us with a clear understanding of the genesis of civilization as a totality. The author confines himself largely to the intellectual aspects of the newer dynamic and synthetic history, i.e., the record of the changing opinions, attitudes of mind, and human valuations on the part of the intellectual classes from oriental antiquity to the present day. Our animal heritage, prehistoric human factors, diffusion of different cultures, increase of trade and the rise of towns, and new inventions are the major aspects showing the development of civilization. Our material civilization, produced by industrial revolution, has outweighed the intellectual development.-Harry Elmer Barnes, Journal of Social Forces, II (January, 1924), 151–64. (X, 2, 5.) T. C. W.

The Spirit of Democracy.—The main factors in the spirit of democracy are: (1) The spirit of community-the sense in each of belonging to a real whole which unites one with another at a deeper level than individual or sectional interest. (2) The spirit of equality-the right inherent in each as a human soul to be put in possession of himself through the development of his power. (3) The spirit of liberty-assignment of a place where each may work according to his capacity for common ends, and in which he may think and speak his mind.-J. H. Muirhead, Hibbert Journal, XXII (April, 1924), 427-35. (X, 4.) M. W. R.

A Good Word for Our "Present Social System."-Our social system, while shockingly defective as a point of arrival or finished product of the ages, is yet of singular promise as a point of departure or beginning of better things. It is a misfortune when the consciousness of society becomes predominantly a consciousness of social evils. The capacity it shows for self-reformation is a better characterization.— L. P. Jacks, Hibbert Journal, XXII (April, 1924), 417–26. (X, 4.) M. W. R.

The Social Workers' Criticisms of Undergraduate Sociology.—The chief criticisms of undergraduate instruction in sociology by social workers are: lack of close interdependence between the universities and the profession, too aloof abstraction in social theory, lack of enthusiastic participation of professors, and lack of field work.-Thomas D. Eliot, Journal of Social Forces, II (June, 1924), 506-12. (X, 6.) T. C. W.

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