tenth anniversary of government-to-government cooperation in science and technology with China. The activities between the two countries have expanded remarkably to 29 protocols, with interest for more agreements being expressed recently by NASA, the Bureau of Mines, and the Center for Disease Control (HHS). The yearly bilateral interchange of scientists, engineers, and students numbers in the thousands, including research sessions, seminars, and publications of discoveries in new areas which benefit both countries. This country's extensive S&T relationship with Japan was put on a new footing during FY 1988, with the signing in June by President Reagan and Prime Minister Takeshita of a new umbrella agreement on cooperation in research and development in science and technology. In addition, after five years of negotiations, the U.S. and Japan signed an agreement on peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Chapter 4: UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. The U.S. has participated with a number of multilateral science institutions whose interests range from global issues to specific problems of interest to individual countries. For example, the scope of issues encompasses the work of the U.N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUS), which was established by the U.N. General Assembly in 1958, and the NATO Science Committee which has a special program under the Science for Stability Organization and has assisted Greece, Portugal, and Turkey in developing their S&T capabilities. The U.S. contributions to selected international organizations, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization, and the International Telecommunications Union are presented in tabular form in this chapter. Chapter 5: SELECTED TOPICS IN INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. During FY 1988, a host of meetings were held to discuss health, climate, nuclear, safety, intellectual property rights, and many other issues. Reviews of the most important topics are in Chapter 5. The efforts of the Presidential Science Advisor Dr. Graham resulted in member states of the OECD establishing a framework for international cooperation in science and technology. Among the most worrisome issues of the fiscal year was the increased number of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in all segments of society worldwide. The concern has prompted scientists and researchers to turn more attention and energy to finding a cure for the disease. To this end, millions of dollars have been channeled to agencies such as the World Health Organization Global Program on AIDS for further study of the problem. The Fourth International Conference on AIDS, held at Stockholm last June, was one of many seminars and workshops held in various parts of the world. Another issue which has received great attention by scientists and the general public is potential global climate change. Both its short-range and long-range effects are being studied. Similarly, the concerns about protection of the ozone layer have prompted officials worldwide to review ways to research, monitor, and exchange information to deal with this global issue. Appendices. Several appendices accompany the text portion of this report. Appendix I and Appendix II present the same material of S&T agreements except that Appendix I is arranged by country participating with the U.S., and Appendix II is arranged by the U.S. agency responsible for the cooperative activity. Appendices III and IV present funding information for USAID according to country and program. Foreword. Letter of Transmittal CONTENTS Chapter 1: The Role of International Science and Technology-Policy Over- Chapter 2: International Science and Technology Activities of U.S. Govern- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 92 95 98 99 109 114 115 116 117 118 119 123 245 Appendix III: U.S. Agency for International Development, Funding by 373 Appendix IV: U.S. Agency for International Development, Funding by 387 CHAPTER 1: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE The Administration's international science and technology policy continues to serve five primary objectives: (1) to strengthen the nation's scientific and technological enterprise; (2) to advance the nation's competitiveness and economic strength; (3) to promote U.S. foreign policy goals and improve international relations; (4) to enhance commercial relations and establish new trading partnerships; and (5) to protect and, where possible, to enhance national security. These objectives were set forth and discussed in earlier editions of the Title V report. This chapter discusses progress achieved during FY 1988 toward these objectives and describes trends in international S&T cooperation noted during the year. Strengthening the Nation's S&T Enterprise U.S. Government agencies are committed to an array of international S&T programs and activities having as their ultimate objective the strengthening of the nation's capabilities in various disciplines. As evidenced by the narratives in this 9th edition of the Title V report, and by the data base presented in its appendices, the U.S. has entered into government-to-government and agency-to-agency agreements with countries at various stages of economic development, for purposes directly related to carrying out Congressional mandates and for accomplishing the missions of the respective agencies. An important characteristic of most of these international programs is that they must be justified and funded by the participating technical agencies in terms of what are essentially scientific and technical objectives. This criterion contributes compellingly to the winnowing process in project selection and to the pursuit of top quality scientific results in project implementation, as scarce resources must be prudently allocated by each agency. Exemplifying the importance of the Administration's commitment to strengthening the nation's S&T enterprise through international S&T cooperation were the negotiations conducted throughout FY 1988 with Canada, Japan and the member countries of the European Space Agency for the design, construction, operation and utilization of the Space Station. Other examples of efforts to strengthen the U.S. S&T enterprise through international cooperation may be found, inter alia, in transportation technologies, fusion and other energy research programs, nuclear safety, biotechnology and vaccine research, and oceanography. Advancing the Nation's Competitiveness and Economic Strength The President's Competitiveness Initiative, manifested in part in Executive Order 12591 on Facilitating Access to Science and Technology, issued April 10, 1987, constitutes a package of measures designed to enhance U.S. responses to global challenges, to raise the level of the nation's R&D effort, and to encourage centers of excellence. Among other measures, the Executive Order directs federal agencies embarking on international cooperative R&D agreements to consider the issues of reciprocity of access to facilities, protection for intellectual property rights, and control over transfer of strategic technology. To improve access to foreign scientific and technological developments, the Order instructs the Departments of State and Commerce and the National Science Foundation to develop a mechanism for the efficient distribution of foreign S&T information, and directs the State Department to recruit scientists from other agencies in filling assignments in U.S. embassies abroad. |