World Administrative Radio Conference on High Frequency Broad- 136 Federal Republic of Germany The Netherlands. Spain United Kingdom International Satellite Communications..... PanAmSat and Other Systems Separate From Intelsat Telecommunications Infrastructure Development. Chapter 12-Transportation Bilateral Programs.. Canada.. People's Republic of China Japan.. 139 139 140 141 141 141 142 144 144 144 146 147 147 148 148 149 International Organizations... European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). International Union of Railways (UIC).. U.N. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)....... 151 152 Special Multilateral Programs 152 Central American Corporation for Air Navigation Services (CO- 152 Computer-Aided Operations Research Facility (CAORF) 153 Panama Canal Widening Study. Cadet Training Program...... Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). Science and Technology for Development Africa Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). Technical Assistance... Aviation..... Colombia. 153 International Marine Simulator Forum (IMSF) 153 153 153 153 153 153 154 154 154 Chapter 12-Transportation-Continued International Visitors... Budget and Resources.. Chapter 13-Defense. International Cooperation for Technological Excellence.. NATO Defense Research Group (DRG)....... Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD)... The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP). Australian, British, Canadian, American (ABCA) Standardization Foreign Weapons Evaluation Program. Non-NATO Armaments Cooperation and Defense Trade Page 157 157 159 159 159 160 160 161 161 161 162 162 162 163 163 Challenges and Opportunities.... Industrial Cooperation with Pakistan. R&D Efforts with Israel and Other Middle East Nations Chapter 14-Science and Technology for Development 164 164 164 164 166 Animal Vaccines to Help LDCs Increase Animal Protein Produc- 167 Drought-Tolerant and High Quality/High Yielding Pearl Millet 167 Biologic Nitrogen Fixation by Beans 168 Tissue Culture Techniques Incorporate Resistance to Disease and Contraception Development: A New 90-Day Injectable Contracep- Forestry Research Network. Forestry Private Enterprise Initiatives. Additional AID Activities in S&T.. Biologic Diversity: An Interagency Report to Congress... Strengthening Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations 178 178 180 180 180 181 181 181 181 182 Chapter 14-Science and Technology for Development-Continued Program in Science and Technology Cooperation (PSTC) The National Academy of Sciences Program. Page 182 182 184 U.S.-Israel Cooperative Development Research Program. 186 Personnel Resources for S&T. 187 Global or Regional Research Programs 193 Grants Under Bilateral Cooperative Science and Engineering Programs.... 193 194 Appendix I: Science and Technology Activities of U.S. Government Agencies by Country FY-1986.... 200 Appendix II: Descriptive Listing of Activities by Country Under Bilateral 204 Appendix III: U.S. Contributions to Selected International Organizations 226 Appendix IV: Congressional Research Service Comments on the 1987 227 Index. 241 The scientific and technological developments of the last generation influence nearly every aspect of daily existence in the United States. From the complexity of nuclear power to the sophistication of genetic engineering, science and technology have raised the potential of individuals and this nation to new heights. In the same way that science and technology play a critical role in domestic developments, they raise issues that influence foreign policy decisions and implementation. This report reviews the activities during FY 1986 of the U.S. government in response to the challenges and opportunities of science and new technologies in the conduct of American foreign policy and the advancement of our national goals. International science and technology activities of the U.S. government support many objectives. Foreign scientists contribute importantly to our own understanding and to global progress. Foreign facilities provide outstanding research opportunities for American scientists. Additionally, many areas of scientific investigation, including climate, oceans, and earthquake research can be carried out only on an international scale. Numerous fields of inquiry, tropical ecology, for example, can be studied only abroad. Not surprisingly, the National Science Foundation indicates that 20 percent of the 12,000 grants it awarded in FY 1986 had an international component. All of these activities contribute generally to U.S. foreign policy by strengthening relationships with foreign governments, agencies and individuals. To itemize specific cause-effect relationships between S&T and foreign policy frequently is difficult. The influence that S&T exerts may be direct, as in the case of strategic technology or trade in high technology products. Alternatively, the effects of a disease eradication campaign in a developing country, or increased awareness of family planning, are likely to be long-term and impossible to measure on an annual basis. Whether direct or subtle, there is no denying the impact of science and technology on our major foreign policy objectives of enhancing national security, supporting freedom and democracy, and promoting global economic growth. Science and technology cooperation in support of national security is exemplified by numerous activities involving our partners in defense. Daily interaction with NATO allies works both to develop new technologies and to ensure the interoperability of equipment. S&T ties with Japan have been expressed formally in a FY 1986 agreement for the exchange of military technology, and in Japan's public endorsement of the strategic defense initiative. Scientific cooperation with Spain is a significant aspect of our defense ties with that country. Enhancing the free flow of information and ideas among nations is the primary foreign policy objective of U.S. telecommunications initiatives that directly support our aim of expanding freedom and democracy globally. Less obvious, but no less important, support for this goal is provided by S&T initiatives that are carried out by the Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Energy, the National Institutes of Health, and other agencies in support of increased food production, |