countries or by failure to meet the criteria of U.S. non-proliferation legislation.

AGRICULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL S&T COOPERATION-CHAPTER 5

International scientific and technological cooperation programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and programs funded by other agencies utilizing USDA expertise and personnel, served a number of U.S. objectives in 1985.

Several are directed at animal and plant disease control and prevention and benefit the United States either by reducing the risk of importing diseased species or by deepening knowledge of means of dealing with diseases. Notable examples include the pilot program on brucellosis control with Egypt begun in 1985 and the continuing cooperative programs for eradicating the screw worm in Mexico and for controlling the Mediterranean fruit fly in Mexico and Guatemala.

Other USDA cooperative programs benefit U.S. exports of agricultural commodities through better knowledge of growing conditions and supplies in other parts of the world. The USDA's Forest Service has gained significant knowledge from other countries' experience with forest management and the impact of atmospheric pollution on forests, and the Soil Conservation Service gained from exchange programs with seven other countries with water shortage, soil erosion and land use problems similar to those in the United States. USDA cooperative activities also contributed to basic economic development objectives in Venezuela and other countries where food production is a top priority.

CIVIL SPACE PROGRAM-CHAPTER 6

International cooperation in space was furthered in 1985 by the conclusion of memoranda of understanding between the United States and Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency (ESA) that responded to President Reagan's Summit invitation to participate in the space station project. Several space shuttle flights involved international cooperation, through the inclusion of Canadian, French and Saudi Arabian crew members, the launch of satellites for Australia and Mexico, and the use on two missions of the ESA-developed Spacelab system.

Earth and space scientific research was advanced by progress in the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program, the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers Program, and global meteorological observations. A newly formed commercial firm, the EOSAT Corporation, assumed responsibility for operations and data sales of the U.S. Landsat system.

ENERGY-CHAPTER 7

Member nations of the International Energy Agency (IEA) agreed at their ministerial-level meeting in July 1985 on the importance of enhanced collaboration in energy research and development. Related to that decision, the IEA in 1985 published its Energy Technology Policy Study, which recognized the importance

of continuing efforts to restructure energy economies despite lower oil prices.

The Nuclear Energy Agency continued its consultations and studies of the role of nuclear energy in the total energy mix and its efforts to remove unjustified obstacles to nuclear power development.

Cooperation with developing countries on energy matters included World Bank financing of energy projects, cooperation in the International Atomic Energy Agency, and bilateral activities. Fossil energy sources and nuclear energy were both among the topics of cooperation under the bilateral science and technology cooperation arrangements with China.

ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES AND POPULATION-CHAPTER 8 The United States participated actively in international efforts to agree on environmental protection priorities in the U.N. Environment Program (UNEP), in the OECD, at the Economic Summit and in other fora. Special emphasis was placed on interrelationships between environmental protection and economic growth policies.

Expanding programs for cooperative research on acid rain included Canada and Germany and attracted the interest of a number of other European countries. The United States signed and the President sent to the Senate in 1985 the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, which provides a framework for international cooperation on research, monitoring and exchange of information on depletion of ozone in the atmosphere. Legislation the Congress passed in 1985 provides new means for enforcing controls on the export of hazardous wastes, related to international cooperative activities in the OECD and UNEP.

Negotiations with Mexico led to agreements concerning sewage and spills of hazardous substances in the border area. Substantial bilateral cooperative activities on the environment took place also with Germany, the Netherlands, the European Community, Japan, the Soviet Union, China and Yugoslavia.

Particular attention was given in the OECD to the need for oversight of biotechnological research, products and processes. The United States continued to participate actively in UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program, which is directed at new ways to manage man's interactions with ecological systems. The United States took part in activities under a number of international agreements for wildlife conservation, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and the newly signed Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat.

The United States in 1985 contributed about 60 percent of all funds from developed countries for population assistance, while pursuing the objective of sound economic and population policies in developing countries consistent with respect for human dignity and family, religious and cultural values.

HEALTH-CHAPTER 9

The Public Health Service (PHS) of the Department of Health and Human Services cooperated with health ministries of other countries through multilateral organizations including the World Health Organization, the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Bilaterally, PHS cooperates with 39 other countries. Health is a major part of the program under the umbrella science and technology agreement with China. A long history of mutually beneficial cooperation on health matters with Egypt continued in 1985 under AID financing. Health research under the Presidential Science and Technology Initiative with India included valuable activities aimed at combatting vaccine-preventable diseases and activities in other health areas that ranged from mental illness to malaria and iron deficiency anemia in rural populations. Cooperation with Mexico on health in the border areas increased in 1985, largely with funds from PAHO.

Cooperation with the Soviet Union on health and under the Artificial Heart Agreement continued. As in the case of most of the PHS' international cooperative activities, those with the Soviet Union were funded out of the budget for PHS' domestic mission because of their contribution to domestic health objectives.

OCEANS AND POLAR AFFAIRS-CHAPTER 10

Discovery of the Titanic at a depth of 13,000 feet in the North Atlantic demonstrated both capabilities for deep water observations and the value of international cooperation, since the discovery was a joint activity of the United States and France.

Bilateral cooperation in 1985 included advances in programs with India on studies of monsoons and in NOAA's cooperative activities on atmospheric and oceanic phenomena of the Pacific. The United States and other members of the International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO agreed on the first operational programs of the Ocean Science in Relation to Living Resources Project.

U.S. adoption of the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone concept in 1983 led in 1985 to the initiation of a long-term EEZ mapping project and to a sharp increase in the number of U.S. applications for permission to do research in other countries' EEZ's. Cooperation under the Antarctic Treaty System proceeded, with focus on fisheries and minerals resources under conditions that protect the Antarctic environment.

The United States reached agreement with Japan in fiscal year 1985 on an end to that country's commercial whaling activities by 1988, within the context of the International Whaling Commission decision for a moratorium to protect all species of whales. In the absence of such an agreement with the Soviet Union, the United States reduced Soviet allocations for fishing in U.S. waters.

A number of advances in Arctic research were made in collaboration with other Arctic powers. The United States and the European Space Agency proceeded with plans for substantial cooperation in ocean remote sensing.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS-CHAPTER 11

Recognition of the importance of relating international communications and information policies to foreign policy led to the establishment within the Department of State in 1985 of the Bureau of International Communications and Information Policy. Among the objectives of the Bureau is promoting U.S. deregulatory and procompetitive philosophies in the international sphere.

The International World Administrative Radio Conference on Space late in the fiscal year reached a compromise solution to a major issue raised by developing countries. The outcome reflected the U.S. desire to protect its security interests and allow progress in commercial satellite applications. It also gave developing countries assurance that they will have access to the limited band of geostationary satellite orbital positions and associated radio frequencies as their needs and capabilities develop.

The United States submitted for international consideration proposed technical standards for high-definition television. It continued to press for international standards for integrated services digital networks that would allow for maximum competition.

U.S. pro-competition philosophy was also reflected in the decision to permit international satellite communication systems for certain private purposes from INTELSAT, the international satellite consortium. A declaration adopted by member countries of the OECD indicated agreement on the importance of unimpeded flows of data and information worldwide.

TRANSPORTATION-CHAPTER 12

International programs of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) included activities with a large number of countries and international organizations, funded as part of domestic programs because of their contributions to the accomplishment of domestic responsibilities, or reimbursed by the cooperating institutions or by sponsoring institutions.

Bilateral programs are particularly broad with Canada and Japan. Benefits from the latter program include substantial improvements in the U.S. Northeast Corridor Rail Development Project. The Soviet Union and the United States agreed in 1985 on search and rescue communications links in the Northwest Pacific. As an example of the value of programs with smaller countries, DOT gained technical benefits of particular value from cooperation with Hungary in rail, highway and bridge construction technologies.

DOT participated in the Experimental Safety Vehicles Program of NATO's Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society and in the activities of several international organizations on the transport of hazardous substances in 1985. Through the OECD's program of cooperation in the field of road transport research, DOT's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1985 received data from participating countries concerning the effectivness of auto seat belts usage.

DOT's activities in developing countries included chairmanship of a working group on transportation problems in the Caribbean Basin area and technical assistance of the Federal Aviation Admin

istration and the Federal Highway Administration in some 60 countries and organizations.

DEFENSE-CHAPTER 13

Scientific and technological cooperation between the United States and its Allies is directed at enhancing their common security through more efficient and effective use of defense resources. Congress included a provision for setting aside $200 million for NATO cooperative armament systems programs in the Department of Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1986.

Various mechanisms within NATO are dedicated to promoting cooperation and exchanges in the fields of defense technologies. DOD's Foreign Weapons Evaluation Program led to the selection of six programs for procurement in 1985, avoiding unnecessary expenditures for development and increasing interoperability of U.S. and Allied forces. Substantial programs for sharing defense technologies also proceeded with non-NATO allies and other friendly governments.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 14

Science and technology have become an increasingly important part of programs administered and funded by the Agency for International Development (AID). Agriculture had particular prominence in AID's approach to Africa in 1985. It included development of a Strategic Plan for Supporting Agricultural Research and work on programs for improved higher yield varieties of cowpeas and sorghums.

Progress in agricultural research was also among the important advances under the bilateral science and technology program with India. AID began a new cooperative project with India in the population area, focusing on the feasibility of developing immunocontraceptives, in which the Indian Government has developed considerable expertise.

A number of activities in fiscal year 1985, including new emphasis on the Child Survival Action Program, focused on oral rehydration therapy, aimed at a major cause of child mortality in developing countries.

Energy research and development for the benefit of developing countries included studies of the use of coal, renewable energy sources, and the technical and economic potential for using sugar cane residue for fuel, which could have a major impact on depressed sugar industries in Jamaica and other producing countries. AID granted funds in fiscal year 1985 for 59 research projects aimed at building scientific capacity in developing countries in specific research areas. The bilateral program with Egypt moved to a new stage of applying scientific and technology to national problems, after 10 years of building institutions, systems, and links to end-users in earlier stages.

BASIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-CHAPTER 15

Related to its responsibility for furthering the development of basic science and engineering in the United States, the National