approved by the President's Science Advisor for submission to the Senior Interagency Group for Space (SIG-Space) in October 1985. Remote sensing experts in AID and NOAA are also focusing on development of a more objective approach to using meteorological and earth remote sensing satellite data to predict and combat drought and famine conditions world-wide. The Bonn Economic Summit has requested its partners to focus on this problem as well. Accordingly, the Summit Working Group on Technology, Growth and Employment Panel on Remote Sensing is preparing a report on the use of remote sensing technology in Africa for drought early warning and monitoring for submission to the Tokyo Summit meeting. Finally, the lengthy and complex task of transferring the U.S. civil earth remote sensing satellite program from government to private operation was completed in September 1985 when EOSAT Corporation of Lanham, Maryland assumed operational control of and responsibility for data sales for the U.S. Landsat system.

Coordination on Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) The CGMS comprises current and prospective geostationary meteorological satellite operators from the European Space Agency (ESA), India, Japan, USA, and USSR, as well as representatives from the WMO. These members participate in the activities of the CGMS in its endeavor to promote the development of a global meteorological observing system.

Operational U.S. participation in CGMS involves maintaining two meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit, which we have done for the last decade. The European Space Agency and Japan also have developed, launched, and operated geostationary satellites that contribute to U.S. weather and climate activities as well as to the regions in which they operate. These activities are part of the respective agency ongoing program budgets and not earmarked specifically for CGMS. India's geostationary INSAT provides some meteorological data which can be used for research. The U.S. is working with India to obtain and share this data for operational uses.

As a technical forum the CGMS is inherently beneficial to all participants. In the last year there have been several examples of how common data formats and system compatibility have benefited members. When the Japanese GMS failed in the summer of 1984, NOAA was asked if data from our polar orbiter could be transmitted through the weather facsimile system on GMS until a replacement Japanese satellite was launched.

Another accomplishment through the CGMS was an agreement by NOAA to lend ESA one of its standby geostationary satellites (GOES-4) as a substitute for ESA's failing Meteosat-1 spacecraft. GOES-4 is performing a data relay function for ESA. The CGMS will undoubtedly continue in importance as a model for successful international scientific and technical cooperation which provides data from space-based platforms to benefit all mankind.

Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)

Current and potential operators of remote sensing satellites met in Washington, D.C. on September 24, 1984, to coordinate informally their systems through the organization of a Committee on Earth Observation Satellites. The Department of State was represented on the U.S. delegation. CEOS consolidated the activities of three existing groups, which had each

considered certain aspects of earth observations satellite coordination. The current members of CEOS are Brazil, Canada, France, India, Japan, the United States and the European Space Agency those countries and organizations with operational systems or that have secured government approval to proceed with the design phase of earth observation satellite programs.

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NOAA hosted the first CEOS meeting, while ESA will host the next meeting in the spring of 1986. Beyond conference-related expenses, other investments are essentially ongoing program costs for development and operation of remote-sensing systems and data archives.

At the first meeting, topical discussions addressed ocean satellite systems, satellite data products and archives, the role of commercial and government-funded satellite programs, regional user meetings, and training programs. In the future, CEOS members will exchange technical information on, and pursue the potential for, the multilateral coordination of space and ground segments. They also will investigate the means for increasing data utility and cost effectiveness both for operators and global users. Finally, CEOS members will inform each other of their plans for emerging satellite remote sensing technologies and programs and will discuss appropriate approaches for the coordination of future systems. Special Working Groups have been established to investigate specific areas of interest. While the CEOS is a new group, it has the potential for mutual international benefits similar to the CGMS. Polar-Orbiting Meteorological Satellites

A number of countries contribute instruments to NOAA's polar-orbiting environmental satellites. France provides and operates the Argos Data Collection System, and the on-board processor for the Search and Rescue system (SARSAT). The United Kingdom has provided the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and will provide the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) by 1990. Canada contributes the repeater for Search and Rescue. These instruments are provided on a no-exchange of funds basis. The SARSAT partners coordinate their activities with the U.S.S.R., which equips its polar-orbiting satellites with interoperable COSPAS instrumentation.

While the USG funds the development and operation of the polar metsat system certain costs are incurred to integrate foreign instruments. These are more than offset by not having to fund the instruments themselves. The ARGOS system budget for 1984-87 is projected to be over 800 million francs. The U.K. has invested over $15 million in the SSU and has paid for feasibility studies for the AMSU. The SARSAT sensor costs were borne by Canada and France.

The international community benefits from the three polar satellite instrument systems as follows: ARGOS provides position location and environmental data relay from platforms which can be deployed on buoys or in remote locations to provide such data as wind speed, temperature, pressure, rainfall, etc. Data are relayed via satellite to ground facilities where location is determined and the results are relayed to users. The British SSU provides information on stratospheric temperatures. Together with other elements of the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), vertical temperature profiles are derived and used in global numerical modeling of the atmosphere. Although not an environmental instrument, the

SARSAT system is used to locate downed aircraft and surface vessels in distress through the reception, processing, and relay of signals from emergency beacons onboard the planes and ships.

Discussions are already underway with France for advanced versions of ARGOS and the SARSAT processor, the U.K. for an upgraded SSU, and Canada for improved SARSAT repeaters.

Canada, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany have also expressed interest in contributing instruments. This has led to the formation of a new group, called IPOMS, the International Polar-Orbiting Meteorological Satellite group. The group includes Australia, Canada, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, U.K., the U.S., the European Communities, and ESA. IPOMS met for the first time in November 1984 and again in December 1985. The Department of State actively participates in the IPOMS meetings as part of the U.S. delegation. The group, endorsed by the Economic Summit of Industrialized Nations, provides a forum for further international cooperation in, and support for, polar-orbiting weather satellites. Members of IPOMS are agencies currently contributing, or intending to contribute to the U.S. civil operational polar-orbiting satellite program, whether in the form of instruments or other support. This could lead eventually to a system of one U.S. satellite and one international satellite and alleviate some of the costs currently borne by the United States.

Land Remote Sensing Commercialization

Under a contract signed September 26, 1985 between the Administrator of NOAA and the EOSAT Corporation, the operation of the current Landsat-4 and 5 systems and the development and operation of Landsats-6 and 7 have been transferred to EOSAT. The foreign policy implications of this transfer will be felt in the ground stations located in foreign countries and in the dissemination and use of the acquired imagery data.

As provided in the Landsat commercialization law, the commercial operator is obligated to honor existing ground station agreements. EOSAT has agreed to this and to extending these agreements through the practical lifetime of Landsat-5 with no change in financial obligations (which are traditionally negotiated annually). It is anticipated that these agreements will be very similar to existing agreements except in their handling of data distribution and reproduction rights to enable EOSAT and the station operators to maximize their data sales and reduce unauthorized reproduction of data products.

The Landsat commercialization law codified U.S. Government policy of non-discriminatory data distribution. This policy has been endorsed and incorporated in EOSAT's program, ensuring that all requestors, regardless of nationality, have equal access to all data acquired. EOSAT's plans for Landsats-6 and 7 include on-board tape recorders which will facilitate acquisition of data over areas not covered by ground stations. In addition, EOSAT will be working closely with ground stations to support market development efforts and encourage the widest possible applications of satellite remote sensing data.

Exploration of Comet Giacobini-Zinner (G/Z)

The International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft passed through the plasma tail of comet Giacobini-Zinner on September 11, 1985, and made in situ measurements of particles, fields, and waves. This is the first encounter of a comet by a spacecraft. The preliminary results appear to establish this comet and its interaction with the solar wind as a rich source of plasma physics phenomena. The ICE spacecraft was in the comet for approximately 3 1/2 hours and about 20 minutes of this time was in the central tail region.

ISEE-3

ICE was previously named the Third International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE-3) and launched on August 12, 1985, as part of an international three-spacecraft mission to study the solar-wind interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere. spent four years of uninterrupted operation in a "halo orbit" around the L1 libration point between the sun and the earth. The spacecraft went through a complicated set of maneuvers, which involved lunar swinglays to permit it to encounter comet G/Z. During those orbit changes, ISEE-3 made the first extensive survey on the Earth's magnetotail at distances up to 237 Earth radii. When the spacecraft completed its last lunar encounter on December 22, 1983, its mission was irrevocably changed ISEE-3 to ICE. The ICE spacecraft survived the comet encounter unscathed and is on the way to become an upstream monitor of Halley's Comet in collaboration with the

international fleet of spacecraft now directed toward this

comet.

The goal of U.S energy policy is to foster an adequate supply of energy at reasonable costs under conditions consistent with national security. The National Energy Policy Plan issued by the Department of Energy in 1983 and currently under revision recognizes that such adequate supply requires a flexible and balanced energy resource system which avoids undue dependence on any single source, foreign or domestic. This balance is best achieved by allowing our market economy to function. Furthermore, the United States cannot have an adequate and secure supply independent of the energy supply circumstances of our allies abroad.

Research and development, supporting the development of new and alternative energy technologies or the improvement of existing ones is a fundamental element of our national energy policy. Private sector R&D is of course critical to efficient use of scarce research talent, but government R&D also has a role to play. The remainder of this section focuses on government sponsored R&D. Although primary emphasis is obviously placed on domestic R&D, the close connection between domestic and international energy security has led to the development of an extensive network of international cooperation in R&D, particularly in Europe and Japan, involving both multilateral and bilateral activities.

Our work with industrialized countries must take into account the fact that our own security is inextricably tied to the energy position of our friends and allies. Mutual assistance is enlightened self-interest.

Excessive European and Japanese dependence on oil imports, for example, could expose these countries to a situation where U.S. international trade would be affected and the health of many U.S. industries damaged.

Excessive dependence on imports from a small number of countries might also cause some of our partners to consider political decisions that are at odds with our common long term interests.

In respect to developing countries, the need to pay for high priced oil imports has slowed the drive for economic development in many countries thus contributing to political or social instability. Technology cooperation leading to strengthened self-reliance serves to support an important element in our foreign policy as well as benefiting our domestic energy and technical interests.

The United States is an active participant in a number of international organizations dealing with energy technology, including the International Energy Agency (IEA), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the OECD's Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA).

The U.S. is also maintaining an active program of energy assistance to developing countries where the need to pay for oil imports continues to impose a heavy economic burden.