Other programs which contribute significantly to overall S&T cooperation in agriculture are those which are on-going and account for a significant part of the budget for international activities. These continuing programs, which are subject to yearly appropriations, have a significant impact on U.S. agriculture. They include the following:

Chapter 6 - Civil Space Program

Secretary Shultz's recent emphasis on the importance of technology to the world economy applies with particular force to the use of outer space for a variety of scientific, environmental and, increasingly, commercial activities.

During 1985, future international use of space came into much clearer focus. During the year, Japan, the European Space Agency, France, India and Brazil all indicated strong and specific commitments to use space at an early date in activities including remote sensing, development of expendable launch vehicle capabilities and participation in the U.S. Space Station and Space Transportation System programs. Within the decade, current U.S. and Soviet near-monopoly of space activities will clearly be at an end. Issues of global data availability from satellites, dual use of expendable launch vehicles, and use of the Space Station will occupy increased time and attention of U.S. diplomacy.

Outer space is becoming a new area not only of human endeavor, but also of international cooperation. The U.S.. Canada, Europe, Japan and numerous developing nations as well as various agencies of the United Nations ranging from the Outer Space Affairs Division to the Food and Agricultural Organization and the Environmental Program use space systems and data for a broad variety of tasks and a broad range of programs.

In

As international and domestic activities in space continually intensify, the Department of State is broadening its diplomatic responsibilities and activities accordingly. 1985, the Department worked closely and intensively with a number of agencies both to shape civil space policies with an international aspect and to define civil and commercial space programs which contain international cooperative/collaborative aspects. In particular, Department of State representatives played an active and continuous role in the long negotiations leading to the transfer of the Landsat earth remote sensing system to private operation.

Space Station

A major element in United States' international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space has been the President's invitation to America's friends to participate in the manned space station project. The member nations of the European Space Agency, Japan and Canada have accepted the U.S. invitation and the first steps have been taken toward working out practical arrangements for this cooperation.

As agreed at the June 1984 London Economic Summit, international cooperation in the Space Station Program was on the agenda of the May Bonn Economic Summit. The Summit highlighted the positive responses of Canada, Japan and the Member States of the European Space Agency to the invitation of the President of the United States to cooperate in the Space Station Program.

The U.S. signed Memoranda of Understanding (MOUS) with Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency (representing Europe) that establish a basis for cooperation over the next two years. The MOUS were signed with the Canadian Ministry of State for Science and Technology on April 16, 1985, with the Science and Technology Agency of Japan on May 9, 1985, and with

the European Space Agency on June 3, 1985. NASA represented the United States as the technical agency.The MOUS provided information exchange mechanisms for the parallel U.S. and international detailed definition and preliminary design activities (Phase B) which began in April 1985 and will conclude in the spring of 1987. The MOUS do not cover cooperation in the development, operation and utilization phases of the Space Station Program. Cooperation during these phases will be the subject of later agreements which will be negotiated during Phase B.

An important aspect of the Phase B activities are the decisions made by the U.S. and its partners on what elements will comprise the Space Station. A process for making these decisions is included in the Phase B MOUS. Hardware decisions will be made in Spring 1986, midway through Phase B.

Space Transportation System

Nowhere in world space affairs is international participation more obvious and in demand than in the outstanding accomplishments of the United State's Space Transportation System and its reusable Shuttle orbiting vehicles. During FY 1985, seven civil Space Shuttle flights took place. Six of these had significant international involvement.

The first mission in this period, STS flight 41-G, took place in October and included Canadian payload specialist Marc Garneau among the crew. Garneau, who flew as a result of Canada's contribution of the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to the STS, conducted a number of Canadian-developed experiments during the mission. Investigators from the Federal Republic of Germany, France and the United Kingdom are participating in the analysis of data from a satellite launched during the mission, the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite. The mission also included two so-called "Getaway Special" experiments sponsored by the European Space Agency and the Asahi National Broadcasting Company of Japan.

Shuttle mission 51-A in November 1984 included the retrieval of two satellites, Westar 6 and Palapa B-2, both of which failed to reach their proper orbits after successful deployment from a Shuttle mission in February 1984. The Canadian-developed RMS was used extensively by the astronauts during the retrieval activity. Prior to the retrieval of the satellites, Telesat H, a Canadian communications satellite, was successfully deployed from the Shuttle's cargo bay. Another in this series of satellites, Telesat I, was launched for Canada on the following Shuttle mission 51-D in April, 1985.

Shuttle flight 51-B launched on April 29 was Spacelab 3, the first operational mission of the European Space Agencydeveloped Spacelab system. Experiments on this scientific mission covered several disciplines, including environmental observations, technology research, astronomy, space plasma physics and life sciences. One experiment from France and one from India were successfully conducted during the mission.

Space Shuttle mission 51-G which took place in June included two foreign Payload Specialists in its crew. The French National Center for Space Studies sponsored the flight of a Frenchman, Patrick Baudry, in response to an invitation from President Reagan to President Mitterand in March 1984. Baudry conducted two experiments examining the effect of

weightlessness on the cardiovascular and neurosensorial systems which had been developed by French laboratories. Saudi Arabian Payload Specialist Prince Salman Al-Saud, who also conducted experiments on the mission, flew in connection with the reimbursable launch of (Arabsat-A) a communications satellite for the Arab Communications Satellite Organization. Morelos-A, a communication satellite for the Government of Mexico was also deployed during 51-G.

Spacelab 2, the first Spacelab mission flown without the habitable module, was flown in July. The experiments on this mission, which were mounted on Spacelab pallets, were devoted entirely to astronomy and solar research and included two experiments by British scientists. In addition to scientific experiments conducted during this mission, testing was carried out with the Instrument Pointing System (IPS), a complex one-ton device developed by the European Space Agency as an aid to orbiting astronomy observations which will be used on future Shuttle missions. Although some software problems impaired operation of the IPS early in the mission, these were later repaired and the demonstration was successful.

The final mission in FY 85, which took place in August, included the successful deployment of AUSSAT 1, the first satellite in the Australian National Satellite Communications System.

During 1985, the U.S. entered into an agreement with the Government of Chile for an emergency landing site for the Space Shuttle at Easter Island. The existing airfield there will be available as a Trans-Pacific Landing Site (TPL). This capability is essential for crew safety. The TPL site would be used in the unlikely event of an anomaly during the launch phase of a mission from Vandenberg AFB.

A major milestone was reached in October when the first complete Spacelab payload operated by another country was flown. The D-1 Mission, with experiments from eight European countries and the U.S., was a truly international endeavor. The Shuttle Mission was operated by NASA from the U.S. while the science payload was operated by Germany from a space center south of Munich. Two German and one Dutch astronaut conducted some 76 experiments during the mission. During a second mission in early FY 1986 two communications satellites were deployed, one for Mexico (Morelos-B) and one for Australia (AUSSAT-II).

International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP)

Major progress was made during FY 1985 on definition of the trilateral U.S.-Europe-Japan International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP) to advance understanding of the origin and dynamics of the Earth's space environment on a global scale. ISTP is a proposed program involving a total of six scientific satellites to be placed in closely coordinated orbits for detailed, sustained investigation of the plasma and energy flow from the Sun through space to the magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere of the Earth.

The U.S., represented by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), in 1984 established an ISTP Planning Group to coordinate planning at each agency for spacecraft missions that will contribute to the overall program. At its third meeting

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on February 27-28, 1985 in Washington, the Planning Group established a program based on the U.S. supplying three spacecraft (named WIND, POLAR, and EQUATOR), ESA supplying two spacecraft missions (named SOHO and CLUSTER), and ISAS supplying one spacecraft (named GEOTAIL). All missions will share instrumentation and tracking. With the exception of SOHO, which will be launched by Europe's Ariane rocket, all are planned to be launched by the U.S. Space Shuttle.

The Planning Group in FY 1985 essentially completed the definition phase of the ISTP program, making it possible for the respective participating agencies, consistent with their national practice and requirements, to seek approval for development of their spacecraft missions. Upon approval, the Planning Group will proceed to coordinate the respective plans and activities during the implementation phase leading to phased launch of the various spacecraft early in the next decade.

The Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers (AMPTE)

In last year's report, the participation of the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United Kingdom in this three satellite project was outlined. During FY 1985, scientific investigations were carried out in accordance with the plan for the program.

In December 1984, an artificial comet was created by the release of barium from the German Ion Release Module. The comet, however, was eroded by the solar wind much faster than anticipated. In January 1985 the British spacecraft, the UKS, ceased functioning, but the primary scientific objectives were still accomplished. During the March through May time period, additional chemical releases, this time of lithium, were carried out. The lithium was not detected, as expected, by the U.S. spacecraft after its release by the German spacecraft. This is a significant result which indicates that fundamental revisions may need to be made to our current models of the magnetosphere and will be the subject of much discussion among scientists. A second artificial comet experiment was conducted in July. New phenomena not observed with the previously created comet were seen. For example, the tail of the comet was three times longer and its head split into two parts at a speed of 1,000 km per second.

Two

Each nation that participated in this project contributed one spacecraft and a variety of scientific instruments. spacecraft were required to carry out this type of experimentation, one to release the chemicals and a second to detect them. Through international collaboration, we were able to accomplish together what would have been difficult to finance alone, with the added benefit of pooling the best scientific minds in the magnetospheric physics field. All of the data from the AMPTE mission is being analyzed by scientists associated with the AMPTE project. The results have already begun to be published in journals and the data will be placed in an archive where scientists from all over the world will have access to it for their own scientific investigations. General Earth Applications and Commercialization

The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) initiated development of a long-range government program on space-based earth sciences research. The final report was