agreements. Science and technology officers in the Foreign Service, as well as other Foreign Service Officers concerned with S&T issues, are the foundation for S&T reporting from abroad.

The Foreign Service Institute coordinates a program of courses, seminars, and briefings that educate and update Foreign Service Officers in pertinent S&T issues that affect U.S. foreign policy. The Mid-Level Program of the Foreign Service Institute was converted to a new Professional Development Continuum during FY 1986.

The Department of State, through OES and other Bureaus, supports the science and technology officers in the field by means of newsletters, conferences, and other resources. During FY 1986, 52 officers were serving as full-time science and technology counselors and attaches at American Embassies; 30 additional posts have officers who devote at least 20 percent of their work-year to S&T affairs. The OES budget for FY 1986 included approximately $8.4 million for S&T related activities and personnel.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS-Chapter 3

The U.S. continued to play a significant participatory role in a variety of multilateral organizations dealing with S&T. The Department of State took a critical look at some of these organizations during FY 1986 in light of the fact that several of them have not altered their goals and objectives for many years. The U.S. attempted to stimulate discussions among the members of these organizations on their future role and on methods of focusing their efforts. The Versailles Economic Summit Science and Technology Initiative formally concluded during FY 1986 its mandated tasks of fostering international cooperation in a variety of key areas affecting economic growth and employment.

The U.S. was one of the lead countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) discussions on biotechnology. One area of concentrated effort produced published considerations on recombinant DNA safety and regulation. The U.S. also participated actively in the NATO Science Committee, the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe, the U.N. Commission on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and other multilateral organizations during FY 1986.

BILATERAL S&T PROGRAMS-Chapter 4

The U.S. has a variety of bilateral S&T agreements in the forms of umbrella government-to-government agreements and agency-to-agency memoranda of understanding. Several milestones in bilateral S&T cooperation were reached during FY 1986. President Reagan and President Sarney of Brazil agreed to an S&T initiative in late FY 1986. As the U.S.-Japan bilateral S&T agreement marked its 25th anniversary, the U.S., guided by the four primary objectives for international S&T cooperation, began steps to refocus future cooperative activities to better reflect the two countries current priorities and capacities. Cooperative S&T programs with the People's Republic of China and with India continued to expand,

making them two of the largest such programs. The Chernobyl accident stimulated increased and renewed bilateral S&T cooperation between the U.S. and USSR, particularly in the areas of health and environment. Transboundary pollution in the form of acid rain and the movement of hazardous waste continued to be a major topic of U.S.-Canada relations.

AGRICULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL S&T COOPERATION-Chapter 5

Cooperative S&T activities in the multidisciplinary aspects of agriculture are carried out primarily through the Office of International Cooperation and Development of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The USDA and its internal components, such as the Forest Service, the Soil Conservation Service and the Agricultural Research Service, work closely with other U.S. agencies and international multilateral organizations in advancing agricultural exchanges and research. Agricultural cooperation with less developed countries frequently centers on improving technologies that directly affect productivity.

In general, cooperation in agriculture benefits the U.S. through improving import and export markets, more cost-efficient research in areas such as the biologic control of pests, and improvement of the world environment. Cooperation with the People's Republic of China (PRC) led to advances during FY 1986 in the control of the gypsy moth, particularly in the area of breeding disease-resistant tree species. Efforts by U.S. and Yugoslav scientists resulted in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of listeriosis and ways to control this dairy-product related infection. The exchange of indigenous tree species and reforestation studies were major areas of cooperation with the USSR, PRC and Algeria.

CIVIL SPACE PROGRAM-Chapter 6

The Challenger explosion in January, 1986 stands out as a domestic space tragedy that had far-reaching international ramifications. There were significant advances, however, in the area of civil space during FY 1986. The once-in-a-century approach of Comet Halley provided the impetus for international cooperation in gathering and sharing data. Discussions and consultations on the Space Station continued between the U.S. and Canada, Japan, and the European Space Agency (ESA) together with its member governments for international participation in the permanently-manned Space Station. Other areas of continuing cooperation included the space transportation system, the international solar terrestrial, physics program, TOPEX/POSEIDON, the search and rescue satellite system, Landsat, and others.

ENERGY-Chapter 7

The National Energy Policy Plan states a goal of ensuring that America has an adequate supply of energy at reasonable cost, and promoting this goal is a primary cor.cern of energy related S&T activities. To this end, the U.S. participates in domestic energy research and development, cooperative international research and exchanges, and multilateral organizations such as the International Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency.

Considerable activity centered around the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as a result of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. At the Special Session of the IAEA General Conference in September, two international agreements were opened for signature--the Convention on Early Notification of Nuclear Accidents, and the Convention on Emergency Assistance. In the aftermath of Chernobyl, these and other nuclear safety issues have become items of major international concern. The Department of Energy continued cooperative efforts with a variety of less developed countries. Important areas of cooperative research, exchanges, and training included the development of renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, AND POPULATION-Chapter 8

Issues dealing with the environment, natural resources, and population are of international concern because occurrences in these areas within a single geographic region can have a global impact. The Department of State and other government agencies work closely with domestic and international organizations concerned with these issues.

An important milestone in U.S.-Canada relations was reached during FY 1986 on transboundary air pollution. President Reagan and Prime Minister Mulroney endorsed the Report on Acid Rain of the Special Envoys. Among other things, the report recommended initiation of a five-year program in the U.S. for commercial demonstration of clean-coal technologies. The U.S. and Canada also negotiated an agreement on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.

The U.S. and Mexico made substantial progress during

FY 1986 toward resolving a number of transboundary pollution problems. Discussions continued on issues involving Arizona-Sonora air pollution problems, the problems of sewage effluent from Tijuana reaching San Diego beaches, and the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. Other international concerns included protection of the ozone layer, biotechnology issues related to the environment, and trade in endangered species. The U.S. continued its support of and participation in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the U.N. Environment Program, and the Man and the Biosphere Program.

The U.S. policy on international population issues is coordinated through the Department of State's Office of the Coordinator of Population Affairs. The policy emphasizes continued support for voluntary international family planning, the role a market-oriented economy can play in achieving population goals, and prohibition of U.S. support for coercion or abortion in family planning programs.

The Department of the Army and its Corps of Engineers is engaged in cooperative exchanges and activities related to navigation, flood control, and dredged-material management. Projects with the People's Republic of China have yielded measurement and testing data, and other information useful in port and navigation channel maintenance in the U.S., as well as in other aspects of U.S. domestic civil works programs.

HEALTH-Chapter 9

U.S. participation in cooperative international health programs advances domestic health objectives, responds to humanitarian concerns, serves foreign policy and development objectives, and provides U.S. representation in international health fora. A major concern in international health during FY 1986 was the epidemic proportions of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the Public Health Service (PHS) collaborated in AIDS research and information dissemination through direct bilateral activities and active participation in multilateral organizations. The DHHS continued major international cooperative programs of interest to both developed and developing countries. Important programs

included vaccine development and vaccination programs, leprosy (Hansen's Disease) research, control and treatment of diarrheal diseases, and child nutrition.

OCEANS AND POLAR AFFAIRS-Chapter 10

The oceans cover approximately two-thirds of the world's surface area and exert a significant influence on climate, food supply, and other global characteristics. Investigation of polar phenomena and the management of polar resources was an area of many-faceted U.S. activity during FY 1986. Numerous U.S. Government agencies are involved in oceans and polar affairs. The Department of State deals directly with numerous policy issues, while agencies such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are engaged in cooperative international research programs.

The framework for international cooperation is provided by organizations such as the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The U.S. continued cooperating in global oceans observations with respect to climate and sea level, the World Climate Research Program, the World Oceans Circulation Experiment, the Tropical Oceans/Global Atmosphere Program, and other programs.

With regard to the living resources of the oceans, the U.S. contributed to cooperative efforts dealing with salmon, tuna and anchovies. Strong support was provided for the IOC program on Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment.

Exploration of sea-bed minerals and petroleum was another area of interest. Bilateral cooperation in marine research and data exchange was carried out through established bilateral S&T agreements. The Office of Naval Research (ONR) conducted a variety of collaborative marine studies in the basic and applied sciences.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS-Chapter 11

U.S. policy on telecommunications enhances the free flow of information between nations, promotes competition in telecommunications technology, and supports international cooperation in developing global systems. In meeting these objectives, there is an expansion of economic and social benefits derived from information that is made available, the effectiveness and competitiveness of American industry is

aided, and national security is enhanced. These benefits are derived through U.S. participation in the World Administrative Conference for Mobile Services, the World Administrative Radio Conference on High Frequency Broadcasting, the Center for Telecommunications Development, and other conferences. The U.S. also continued participating in the Intelsat and PanAmSat satellite telecommunications systems. Bilateral cooperation between the U.S. and Mexico during FY 1986 resulted in approximately 300 day-time only radio stations being permitted to broadcast around the clock, and an additional 2000 stations being granted additional hours of broadcast time in the early evening.

TRANSPORTATION-Chapter 12

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) participates in bilateral cooperative agreements and multilateral organizations in order to promote domestic transportation goals and objectives. DOT has formal or informal agreements with 23 nations for the exchange of information or research, and participates in 24 international organizations. Bilateral activities between DOT and Canada included high-level DOT representation at EXPO '86, and cooperative agreements in the areas of arctic marine transportation, urban mass transportation, highway safety and management, and railway safety. Cooperative projects with the People's Republic of China deal with transportation planning technology, and meeting aviation standards, among other areas. There also are relatively large cooperative programs with the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and smaller scale cooperative agreements with many other countries.

DEFENSE-Chapter 13

The U.S. and its allies continued to make major advances in basic and applied scientific and technological fields. The national security of the U.S. and its allies is tied to cooperation and collaboration in these areas. Standardization of military operations and of defense-related technologies was improved during FY 1986 with the ratification of fourteen Quadripartite Standardization Agreements with NATO countries. A goal of the NATO science program is to achieve economies of scale by coordinating research, development, production, and logistics support.

Armament cooperation and issues involving defense trade among NATO members are addressed through the NATO Defense Research Group, the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Technical Center, the Technical Cooperation Program, the Foreign Weapons Evaluation Program and other elements of NATO. Armaments cooperation and defense trade also occur between the U.S. and non-NATO nations such as Korea, the PRC, Australia, other countries in South and Southeast Asia, and Latin America. An important component of bilateral defense cooperation is the two-way technology exchange with Japan.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT-Chapter 14

Science and technology are major components of U.S. assistance to developing countries. The U.S. Agency for International Development coordinates a large, complex and