Transboundary movement of hazardous waste.. United States-Canada water quality issues.. United States-Mexico Border Environmental Cooperation Agreement. NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) ... Environment and natural resources.. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB)... Multilateral development banks and the environment U.S. Panama Joint Commission on the Environment... National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). International policy and programs Establishment of International Communications and Information Policy International Telecommunication Union (ITU). World Administrative Radio Conference on Space (Space WARC).. World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference.. Center for Telecommunications Development. High-Definition Television (HDTV).. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). International Communications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT). International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).. National Telecommunications and Information Administration..... Page Basic science. Engineering 179 181 Global or regional research programs. Grants under bilateral cooperative science and engineering programs Illustrations of bilateral activities Industrialized countries.. 183 183 184 184 I. Table of bilateral science and technology agreements.. 193 II. Descriptive listing by country of activities under bilateral science and technology agreements 195 III. Congressional Research Service comments on the 1985 title V report: 213 E. Improvements in analysis of implications for science and tech nology and for foreign policy 218 F. Concluding observations. 222 PART I SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AMERICAN DIPLOMACY Chapter I Science and Technology in American Foreign Policy The Need for Foreign Science and Technology Policy The pace of advances in Science and Technology and the growing world-wide recognition of its importance in resolving critical problems at all levels of human activity have made it imperative that Science and Technology be fully integrated into U.S. international relations and foreign policies. As Secretary of State Shultz said in his remarks before a symposium of the National Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1985, "the advance of science is something to be welcomed and encouraged, because it multiplies our possibilities faster than it adds to our problems." The Secretary went on to note, reflecting Albert Einstein's observation of four decades ago, that, as we confront the implications of the scientific revolution for our foreign policy, national security and the structure of the international order, the greatest challenges we face are perhaps to our ways of thinking about ourselves and our world. Change and the pressures for change are also the order of the day in the sphere of international relations. Title V of Public Law 95-426, as indicated by its title, Science, Technology and American Diplomacy, addresses the interdependence of what are two of the most dynamic areas of human activity, areas that touch the lives of every American. An objective of the Administration, and of the Department of State as the agency designated under Title V to lead in this effort, is to ensure that our international scientific and technological activities contribute to the major goals of foreign policy - peace and security, the well-being of the American people, freedom, democracy and human rights around the world. In preparing to respond to Title V's requirements for this report on Science, Technology and American Diplomacy in FY 1985, the Department of State surveyed U.S. diplomatic missions abroad on ways in which the United States is using Science and Technology to further its interests in relations with other countries. The Department's request used the comments by the Congressional Research Service on last year's report in formulating specific questions. Much of this chapter draws on the responses received from those posts. While the responses varied widely in content, patterns emerged that confirm that Science and Technology form a critical part of the U.S. relationship in a wide range of bilateral and multilateral situations. The pattern includes these points: Science and Technology are, rightly or wrongly, increasingly seen as keys to the solutions of national problems, regardless of political structures and stages of development. (1) |