belong likewise individuals sent in balloons to deliver dispatches, and generally to maintain communication between the various parts of an army or a territory. ARTICLE 30 A spy taken in the act cannot be punished without previous trial. ARTICLE 31 A spy who, after rejoining the army to which he belongs, is subsequently captured by the enemy, is treated as a prisoner of of war, and incurs no responsibility for his previous acts of espionage. CHAPTER III.-On Flags of Truce ARTICLE 32 An individual is considered as bearing a flag of truce who is authorized by one of the belligerents to enter into communication with the other, and who carries a white flag. He has a right to inviolability, as well as the trumpeter, bugler, or drummer, the flagbearer, and the interpreter who may accompany him. ARTICLE 33 The Chief to whom a flag of truce is sent is not obliged to receive it in all circumstances. He can take all steps necessary to prevent the envoy taking advantage of his mission to obtain information. In case of abuse, he has the right to detain the envoy temporarily. ARTICLE 34 The envoy loses his rights of inviolability if it is proved beyond doubt that he has taken advantage of his privileged position to provoke or commit an act of treachery. CHAPITRE IV.-Des capitulations ARTICLE 35 Les capitulations arrêtées entre les Parties contractantes doivent tenir compte des règles de l'honneur militaire. Une fois fixées, elles doivent être scrupuleusement observées par les deux parties. CHAPITRE V.-De l'armistice ARTICLE 36 L'armistice suspend les opérations de guerre par un accord mutuel des parties belligérants. Si la durée n'en est pas déterminée, les parties belligérants peuvent reprendre en tout temps les opérations, pourvu toutefois que l'ennemi soit averti en temps convenu, conformément aux conditions de l'armistice. ARTICLE 37 L'armistice peut être général ou local. Le premier suspend partout les opérations de guerre des États belligérants; le second, seulement entre certaines fractions des armées belligérantes et dans un rayon déterminé. ARTICLE 38 L'armistice doit être notifié officiellement et en temps utile aux autorités compétentes et aux troupes. Les hostilités sont suspendues immédiatement après la notification ou au terme fixé. ARTICLE 39 Il dépend des Parties contractantes de fixer, dans les clauses de l'armistice, les rapports qui pourraient avoir lieu, sur le théâtre de la guerre, avec les populations et entre elles. ARTICLE 40 Toute violation grave de l'armistice par l'une des parties, donne à l'autre le droit de le dénoncer et même, en cas d'urgence, de reprendre immédiatement les hostilités. CHAPTER IV.-On Capitulations ARTICLE 35 Capitulations agreed on between the Contracting Parties must be in accordance with the rules of military honor. When once settled, they must be scrupulously observed by both the parties. CHAPTER V.-On Armistices ARTICLE 36 An armistice suspends military operations by mutual agreement between the belligerent parties. If its duration is not fixed, the belligerent parties can resume operations at any time, provided always the enemy is warned within the time agreed upon, in accordance with the terms of the armistice. ARTICLE 37 An armistice may be general or local. The first suspends all military operations of the belligerent States; the second, only those between certain fractions of the belligerent armies and in a fixed radius. ARTICLE 38 An armistice must be notified officially, and in good time, to the competent authorities and the troops. Hostilities are suspended immediately after the notification, or at a fixed date. ARTICLE 39 It is for the Contracting Parties to settle, in the terms of the armistice, what communications may be held, on the theater of war, with the population and with each other. ARTICLE 40 Any serious violation of the armistice by one of the parties gives the other party the right to denounce it, and even, in case of urgency, to recommence hostilities at once. ARTICLE 41 La violation des clauses de l'armistice, par des particuliers agissant de leur proper initiative, donne droit seulement à réclamer la punition des coupables et, s'il y a lieu, une indemnité pour les pertes éprouvées. SECTION III.-DE L'AUTORITÉ MILITAIRE SUR LE TERRITOIRE DE L'ÉTAT ENNEMI ARTICLE 42 Un territoire est considéré comme occupé lorsqu'il se trouve placé de fait sous l'autorité de l'armée ennemie. L'occupation ne s'étend qu'aux territoires où cette autorité est établie et en mesure de s'exercer. ARTICLE 43 L'autorité du pouvoir légal ayant passé de fait entre les mains de l'occupant, celui-ci prendra toutes les mesures qui dépendent de lui en vue de rétablir et d'assurer, autant qu'il est possible, l'ordre et la vie publics en respectant, sauf empêchement absolu, les lois en vigueur dans le pays. ARTICLE 44 Il est interdit de forcer la population d'un territoire occupé à prendre part aux opérations militaires contre son propre pays. ARTICLE 45 Il est interdit de contraindre la population d'un territoire occupé à prêter serment à la Puissance ennemie. ARTICLE 46 L'honneur et les droits de la famille, la vie des individus et la propriété privée, ainsi que les convictions religieuses et l'exercice des cultes, doivent être respectés. La propriété privée ne peut pas être confisquée. ARTICLE 47 Le pillage est formellement interdit. ARTICLE 41 A violation of the terms of the armistice by private individuals acting on their own initiative, only confers the right of demanding the punishment of the offenders, and if necessary, indemnity for the losses sustained. SECTION III.-ON MILITARY AUTHORITY OVER HOSTILE TERRITORY ARTICLE 42 Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation applies only to the territory where such authority is established and in a position to assert itself. ARTICLE 43 The authority of the legitimate power having actually passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all steps in his power to reëstablish and insure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country. ARTICLE 44 Any compulsion of the population of occupied territory to take part in military operations against its own country is prohibited. ARTICLE 45 Any pressure on the population of occupied territory to take the oath to the hostile Power is prohibited. ARTICLE 46 Family honors and rights, individual lives and private property, as well as religious convictions and liberty, must be respected. Private property can not be confiscated. ARTICLE 47 Pillage is formally prohibited. |