Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales

Front Cover
Bharat Bhushan
Springer Science & Business Media, 2001 M03 31 - 964 pages
The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology. The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U.

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Contents

History of Tribology and Its Industrial Significance
1
Friction Wear Lubrication and Materials Characterization Using Scanning Probe Microscopy
13
Viscoelastic Effects in Model Lubricant Monolayers
41
AtomicScale Stick Slip
53
Dissipation Mechanisms Studied by Dynamic Force Microscopies
67
FrictionalForce Imaging and Friction Mechanisms with a Lattice Periodicity
83
Atomic Scale Origins of Force Interaction
103
Dynamic Friction Measurement with the Scanning Force Microscope
121
Nanostructuring of Calcite Surfaces by Tribomechanical Etching with the Tip of an Atomic Force Microscope
487
AtomicScale Processes of Tribomechanical Etching Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Layered Material NbSe₂
495
Determining the Nanoscale Friction and Wear Behavior of Si SiC and Diamond by Microscale Environmental Tribology
503
On Some Similarities of Structural Modification in Wear and Fatigue
525
The Mesostructure of Surface Layers of Metal Under Friction with Relatively High Contact Stress
529
The Effect of Impact Angle on the Erosion of Cermets
537
Wear Mechanism of Carbon Material Steel Slide Bearing in Polluted Atmosphere
543
Nanomechanical Properties of Brittle Matter
549

Towards the Ideal NanoFriction Experiment
137
Investigation of the Mechanics of Nanocontacts Using a Vibrating Cantilever Technique
151
A Scanning Probe and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of Ceo on Mica and Silver111 Surfaces
171
Interactions Friction and Lubrication Between PolymerBearing Surfaces
177
Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Frictional Forces in Electrolytes
199
Adsorption of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces and its Relevance for Tribology
215
Theory and Simulations of Friction Between Flat Surfaces Lubricated by Submonolayers
235
Friction Mechanics and Modeling on the Macroscale
241
Experimental Aspects of Friction Research on the Macroscale
261
A Review
279
Relationship Between Structure and Internal Friction in CoPt and FePd Alloys
299
Direct Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Energies of Glassy Polymers and PDMS
305
A Model for Adhesive Forces in Miniature Systems
331
Simple Model for Low Friction Systems
339
UltraLow Friction Between Water Droplet and Hydrophobic Surface
345
AFM as a New Tool in Characterisation of Mesoporous Ceramics as Materials to Tribological Applications
349
Bridging the Gap Between Macro and MicroNanoscale Adhesion and Friction
355
Modeling and Wear Mechanisms
359
Surface Damage Under Reciprocating Sliding
377
Third TribologyBody Approach
393
Fretting Wear Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy
413
Wear Measurements and Monitoring at Macro and Microlevel
423
Macro and Micro Aspects
439
Macro and Micro Kelvin Probe in Tribological Studies
445
When Micro Meets Macro
467
Testing Tribological Behaviour of IonBeam Mixed Surface Layers
557
Tribological Studies of DLC Films Containing Different Amount of Silicon Coated by Reactive Ion Plating
565
Tribological Aspects of Wear of LaserSintered Rapid Prototype Tools
571
Bridging the Gap Between Macro and MicroNanoscale Wear
577
On the Effects of Roughness on Structures Solvation Forces and Shear of Molecular Films in a Nano Confinement
583
Nanoscale Lubrication and Friction Control
607
Tribology of Ideal and NonIdeal Surfaces and Fluids
631
Nanoscale Wetting and DeWetting of Lubricants with Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy
651
The Study of Very Thin Lubricant Films in High Pressure Contacts Using Spacer Layer Interferometric Methods
663
Scaling Issues in the Measurement of Monolayer Films
691
New Electrolytes for Electromechanical Study in Hydrocarbon Solution
710
Limiting Friction in a SliderDisk Interface with NanometerScale Lubricant Films
716
From Macro to Microscale Effects
724
The Present State of the Art on Degradation Models of Perflouropolyethers with DLC Coating in ThinFilm Magnetic Rigid Disks
734
Bridging the Gap Between Macro and MicroNanoscale Lubrication
798
Preparation and Applications
802
MicroNanoscales Tribology of MEMS Materials Lubricants and Devices
820
Macro and Microtribology of Information Storage and Retrieval Devices
850
High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of Tribo Surfaces in Magnetic Recording
868
Analysis and Testing of Miniature Motors for Precision Engineering
876
Permanent Magnetic Levitation and Stability
898
Author Index
950
Subject index
952
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