Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/NanoscalesBharat Bhushan Springer Science & Business Media, 2001 M03 31 - 964 pages The word tribology was fIrst reported in a landmark report by P. Jost in 1966 (Lubrication (Tribology)--A Report on the Present Position and Industry's Needs, Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London). Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. The popular equivalent is friction, wear and lubrication. The economic impact of the better understanding of tribology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion is known to be immense. Losses resulting from ignorance of tribology amount in the United States alone to about 6 percent of its GNP or about $200 billion dollars per year (1966), and approximately one-third of the world's energy resources in present' use, appear as friction in one form or another. A fundamental understanding of the tribology of the head-medium interface in magnetic recording is crucial to the future growth of the $100 billion per year information storage industry. In the emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, tribology is also recognized as a limiting technology. The advent of new scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques (starting with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981) to measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant-fIlm thickness, mechanical properties all on a micro to nanometer scale, and to image lubricant molecules and the availability of supercomputers to conduct atomic-scale simulations has led to the development of a new fIeld referred to as Microtribology, Nanotribology, or Molecular Tribology (see B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili and U. |
Contents
History of Tribology and Its Industrial Significance | 1 |
13 | |
Viscoelastic Effects in Model Lubricant Monolayers | 41 |
AtomicScale Stick Slip | 53 |
Dissipation Mechanisms Studied by Dynamic Force Microscopies | 67 |
FrictionalForce Imaging and Friction Mechanisms with a Lattice Periodicity | 83 |
Atomic Scale Origins of Force Interaction | 103 |
Dynamic Friction Measurement with the Scanning Force Microscope | 121 |
Nanostructuring of Calcite Surfaces by Tribomechanical Etching with the Tip of an Atomic Force Microscope | 487 |
AtomicScale Processes of Tribomechanical Etching Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Layered Material NbSe₂ | 495 |
Determining the Nanoscale Friction and Wear Behavior of Si SiC and Diamond by Microscale Environmental Tribology | 503 |
On Some Similarities of Structural Modification in Wear and Fatigue | 525 |
The Mesostructure of Surface Layers of Metal Under Friction with Relatively High Contact Stress | 529 |
The Effect of Impact Angle on the Erosion of Cermets | 537 |
Wear Mechanism of Carbon Material Steel Slide Bearing in Polluted Atmosphere | 543 |
Nanomechanical Properties of Brittle Matter | 549 |
Towards the Ideal NanoFriction Experiment | 137 |
Investigation of the Mechanics of Nanocontacts Using a Vibrating Cantilever Technique | 151 |
A Scanning Probe and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of Ceo on Mica and Silver111 Surfaces | 171 |
Interactions Friction and Lubrication Between PolymerBearing Surfaces | 177 |
Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Frictional Forces in Electrolytes | 199 |
Adsorption of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces and its Relevance for Tribology | 215 |
Theory and Simulations of Friction Between Flat Surfaces Lubricated by Submonolayers | 235 |
Friction Mechanics and Modeling on the Macroscale | 241 |
Experimental Aspects of Friction Research on the Macroscale | 261 |
A Review | 279 |
Relationship Between Structure and Internal Friction in CoPt and FePd Alloys | 299 |
Direct Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Energies of Glassy Polymers and PDMS | 305 |
A Model for Adhesive Forces in Miniature Systems | 331 |
Simple Model for Low Friction Systems | 339 |
UltraLow Friction Between Water Droplet and Hydrophobic Surface | 345 |
AFM as a New Tool in Characterisation of Mesoporous Ceramics as Materials to Tribological Applications | 349 |
Bridging the Gap Between Macro and MicroNanoscale Adhesion and Friction | 355 |
Modeling and Wear Mechanisms | 359 |
Surface Damage Under Reciprocating Sliding | 377 |
Third TribologyBody Approach | 393 |
Fretting Wear Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy | 413 |
Wear Measurements and Monitoring at Macro and Microlevel | 423 |
Macro and Micro Aspects | 439 |
Macro and Micro Kelvin Probe in Tribological Studies | 445 |
When Micro Meets Macro | 467 |
Testing Tribological Behaviour of IonBeam Mixed Surface Layers | 557 |
Tribological Studies of DLC Films Containing Different Amount of Silicon Coated by Reactive Ion Plating | 565 |
Tribological Aspects of Wear of LaserSintered Rapid Prototype Tools | 571 |
Bridging the Gap Between Macro and MicroNanoscale Wear | 577 |
On the Effects of Roughness on Structures Solvation Forces and Shear of Molecular Films in a Nano Confinement | 583 |
Nanoscale Lubrication and Friction Control | 607 |
Tribology of Ideal and NonIdeal Surfaces and Fluids | 631 |
Nanoscale Wetting and DeWetting of Lubricants with Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy | 651 |
The Study of Very Thin Lubricant Films in High Pressure Contacts Using Spacer Layer Interferometric Methods | 663 |
Scaling Issues in the Measurement of Monolayer Films | 691 |
New Electrolytes for Electromechanical Study in Hydrocarbon Solution | 710 |
Limiting Friction in a SliderDisk Interface with NanometerScale Lubricant Films | 716 |
From Macro to Microscale Effects | 724 |
The Present State of the Art on Degradation Models of Perflouropolyethers with DLC Coating in ThinFilm Magnetic Rigid Disks | 734 |
Bridging the Gap Between Macro and MicroNanoscale Lubrication | 798 |
Preparation and Applications | 802 |
MicroNanoscales Tribology of MEMS Materials Lubricants and Devices | 820 |
850 | |
868 | |
Analysis and Testing of Miniature Motors for Precision Engineering | 876 |
898 | |
950 | |
Subject index | 952 |
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Common terms and phrases
adhesion adhesion force adsorbed amplitude applied asperity atomic force microscope atomic-scale bearing behavior Bhushan bonds boundary cantilever chemical coefficient of friction confined contact angle contact area corresponding curves cycles debris decrease deformation devices disk dissipation distance dynamic effect elastic electron equation experimental Figure film thickness fluid force microscopy frequency friction and wear friction coefficient friction force function hexadecane hysteresis increase interaction interface Israelachvili lateral force layer liquid lubricant film macroscale magnetic material measurements mechanical MEMS metal method mica Micro/Nanoscales molecular molecules monolayer motion nanometer NC-AFM normal force normal load oscillation parameters particles PFPE Phys polymer polysilicon potential pressure probe properties quasicrystals radius regime sample scale scan shear shot peened shows silicon simulations slip stick-slip stiction structure substrate surface energy surface roughness technique temperature thermal tip-sample tribometer velocity viscosity wear rate