Maryland. Brawner v. Staup (1863) 21 Md. 328; Nagengast v. Alz (1901) 93 Md. 522, 249 Atl. 333; Johnson v. Johnson (1902) 96 Md. 144, 53 Atl. 792; Collins v. Collins (1904) 98 Md. 473, 103 Am. St. Rep. 408, 57 Atl. 597, 1 Ann. Cas. 856; Kennedy v. McCann (1905) 101 Md. 643, 61 Atl. 625; Beachey v. Heiple (1917) 130 Md. 683, 101 Atl. 553.

Bennett V. Camp

Virginia. Bank of United States v. Carrington (1836) 7 Leigh, 566; Miller v. Blose (1878) 30 Gratt. 744; Woodward v. Sibert (1886) 82 Va. 441; Miller v. Miller (1901) 99 Va. 125, 37 S. E. 792; Straley v. Esser (1915) 117 Va. 135, 83 S. E. 1075. See also Parker v. Logan Bros. & Co. (1886) 82 Va. 376, 4 S. E. 613. Washington. See Lanigan v.

Miles (1918) 102 Wash. 82, 172 Pac. 894.

54

New Jersey. Sayre v. Fredericks (1863) 16 N. J. Eq. 205; Tunnard v. Littell (1872) 23 N. J. Eq. 264; Parker v. Snyder (1879) 31 N. J. Eq. 164; Duvale v. Duvale (1896) N. J. Eq. 581, 35 Atl. 750, modified on other grounds in (1897) 56 N. J. Eq. 375, 39 Atl. 687, 40 Atl. 440; Lowry v. Tivy (1908) 73 N. J. Eq. 387, 69 Atl. 172.

New York. Freeman v. Kelly (1839) 1 Hoffm. Ch. 90; Boyd v. M'Lean (1815) 1 Johns. Ch. 582; Botsford v. Burr (1817) 2 Johns. Ch. 405; Foote v. Colvin (1808) 3 Johns. 216, 3 Am. Dec. 478; Jackson ex dem. Livingston v. Bateman (1829) 2 Wend. 570; Lennon v. Bradley & C. Co. (1899) 27 Misc. 452, 59 N. Y. Supp. 277, affirmed in (1899) 46 App. Div. 621, 61 N. Y. Supp. 370; Sloan v. Macartney (1908) 58 Misc. 75, 108 N. Y. Supp. 840; Di Niscia v. Olsey (1914) 162 App. Div. 154, 147 N. Y. Supp. 198. Pennsylvania.

---

Crawford

V.

Thompson (1891) 142 Pa. 551, 21 Atl. 994.

Tennessee. Robertson v. Maclin

England. Willis v. Willis (1740) 2 Atk. 71, 26 Eng. Reprint, 443; -clear and satisfactory, United States. Laughlin v. Mitchell (1882) 14 Fed. 382, affirmed in (1887) 121 U. S. 411, 30 L. ed. 987, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 923; Neely v. Boyd (1906) 76 C. C. A. 142, 145 Fed. 172; Peters v. McLaren (1914) 134 C. C. A. 198, 218 Fed. 410. See also Price v. Wallace (1917) 155 C. C. A. 61, 242 Fed. 221.

Alabama.-Brantley v. West (1855) 27 Ala. 542; Chambers v. Richardson (1876) 57 Ala. 85; Lehman v. Lewis (1878) 62 Ala. 129; Harden v. Darwin (1880) 66 Ala. 55; Jordan v. Garner (1893) 101 Ala. 411, 13 So. 678; Enterprise Auto Co. v. Huey (1920) 204 Ala. 635, 87 So. 91. Arizona. Costello v. Gleeson (1918) 19 Ariz. 532, 172 Pac. 730. Arkansas. Tillar V. Henry (1905) 75 Ark. 446, 88 S. W. 573; Crosby v. Henry (1905) Ark. 88 S. W. 949; Colegrove v. Colegrove (1909) 89 Ark. 182, 131 Am. St. Rep. 82, 116 S. W. 190; Tatum v. Bolding (1910) 96 Ark. 98, 131 S. W. 207; Doyle v. Davis (1917) 127 Ark. 302, 192 S. W. 229; Barron v. Stuart (1918) 136 Ark. 481, 207 S. W. 22. Wilson v. Warner

Connecticut.

--

Cohen (1893) 1 App. D. C. 240; 1 App. D. C. 240; Ockstadt v. Bowles (1909) 34 App. D. C. 58; Braxton v. Johnston (1910) 34 App. D. C. 386. Georgia. 54 Ga. 212.

-

Morrison v. Ball (1875)

Illinois. Low v. Graff (1875) 80 Ill. 368; Heneke v. Floring (1885) 114 Ill. 554, 2 N. E. 529; Thor v. Oleson (1888) 125 Ill. 365, 17 N. E. 780; McGinnis v. Jacobs (1893) 147 Ill. 24, 35 N. E. 214; Towle v. Wadsworth (1893) 147 Ill. 80, 30 N. E. 602, 35 N. E. 73; Koster v. Miller (1894) 149 Ill. 195, 37 N. E. 46; Goelz v. Goelz (1895) 157 Ill. 33, 41 N. E. 756; Jacksonville Nat. Bank v. Beesley (1895) 159 Ill. 120, 42 N. E. 164; Pool v. Phillips (1897) 167 Ill. 432, 47 N. E. 758; Euans v. Curtis (1901) 190 Ill. 197, 60 N. E. 56; Lurie v. Sabath (1904) 208 Ill. 401, 70 N. E. 323; Stambaugh v. Lung (1908) 232 Ill. 373, 83 N. E. 922; Keuper v. Mette (1909) 239 Ill.. 586, 88 N. E. 218; Trubey v. Pease (1909) 240 Ill. 513, 88 N. E. 1005, 15 Ann. Cas. 370; Stephens v. St. Louis Union Trust Co. (1913) 260 Ill. 364, 103 N. E. 190; Clavey v. Schnadt (1916) 272 Ill. 464, 112 N. E. 360; Lang v. Metzger (1902) 101 Ill. App. 380, affirmed in (1903) 206 Ill. 475, 69 N. E. 493; Mahan v. Schroeder (1908) 142 Ill. App. 538, affirmed in (1908) 236 Ill. 392, 86 N. E. 97.

Indiana. Parmlee v. Sloan (1871) 37 Ind. 469.

Iowa. Thompson v. Ohl (1919) 187 Iowa, 654, 174 N. W. 446; Kelley v. Kelley (1920) 189 Iowa, 311, 177 N. W. 45; Shepard v. Pratt (1871) 32 Iowa, 296; Burns v. Byrne (1876) 45 Iowa, 285; Richardson v. Haney (1888) 76 Iowa, 101, 40 N. W. 115; Rogers v. McFarland (1893) 89 Iowa, 286, 56 N. W. 504; Maroney V. Maroney (1896) 97 Iowa, 711, 66 N. W. 911; Iseminger v. Criswell (1896) 98 Iowa, 382, 67 N. W. 289; Culp v. Price (1899) 107 Iowa, 133, 77 N. W. 848; Luckhart v. Luckhart (1903) 120 Iowa, 248, 94 N. W. 461; Cunningham v. Cunningham (1904) 125 Iowa, 681, 101 N. W. 470; Hoon v. Hoon (1905) 126 Iowa, 391, 102 N. W. 105, Re Fisher (1905) 128

Iowa, 18, 102 N. W. 797; Carr v. Craig (1908) 138 Iowa, 526, 116 N. W. 720; Henninger v. McGuire (1910) 146 Iowa, 270, 125 N. W. 180; Lillie v. Owen (1910) 147 Iowa, 290, 126 N. W. 188; Polsley V. Flowers (1910) 149 Iowa, 586, 128 N. W. 937; Matt v. Matt (1912) 156 Iowa, 503, 137 N. W. 489; Burch v. Nicholson (1912) 157 Iowa, 502, 137 N. W. 1066; Hayes v. Dean (1917) 182 Iowa, 619, 164 N. W. 770.

Kentucky. Northcutt v. Hogan (1882) 4 Ky. L. Rep. 364; Kemper v. Kemper (1885) 7 Ky. L. Rep. 97; Pool v. Thomas (1888) 10 Ky. L. Rep. 92, 8 S. W. 198; Colliver v. Dougherty (1889) 10 Ky. L. Rep. 685; Nelson v. Nelson (1908) 29 Ky. L. Rep. 885, 96 S. W. 794; Snelling v. Utterback (1809) 1 Bibb, 609, 4 Am. Dec. 661. Maryland. Greer v. Baughman (1858) 13 Md. 257; Whitridge v. Parkhurst (1862) 20 Md. 62; McDonnell v. Milholland (1878) 48 Md. 540; Dixon v. Dixon (1910) 123 Md. 44, 90 Atl. 846, Ann. Cas. 1915D, 616.

Durfee

Michigan. Crissman v. Crissman (1871) 23 Mich. 217; Hamilton v. Hall (1896) 111 Mich. 291, 69 N. W. 481; Mitchell V. Bilderback (1910) 159 Mich. 483, 124 N. W. 557. Minnesota. v. Pavitt (1859) 14 Minn. 424, Gil. 319. Missouri. Gillespie v. Stone (1879) 70 Mo. 505; Roberts v. Walker (1890) 101 Mo. 597, 14 S. W. 631; Joerger v. Joerger (1906) 193 Mo. 133, 91 S. W. 918, 5 Ann. Cas. 534. Nebraska. Robinson v. Jones (1890) 31 Neb. 20, 47 N. W. 480; Veeder v. McKinley-Lanning Loan & T. Co. (1901) 61 Neb. 892, 86 N. W. 982; Smullin v. Wharton (1905) 73 Neb. 667, 103 N. W. 288, 106 N. W. 577, 112 N. W. 622, Drake v. McDonald 775, 137 N. W. 863.

New Hampshire. (1836) 8 N. H. 187.

113 N. W. 267; (1912) 91 Neb.

Page v. Page

New Jersey. Vreeland v. Williams (1880) 32 N. J. Eq. 734; Mc; Keown v. McKeown (1881) 33 N. J. Eq. 384, affirmed in (1881) 34 N. J. Eq. 560; Lipp v. Fielder (1907) 72 N. J. Eq. 439, 66 Atl. 189; Lowry v. Tivy (1908) 73 N. J. Eq. 387, 69 Atl.

172; Heinisch v. Pennington (1907) 73 N. J. Eq. 456, 68 Atl. 233, affirmed in (1909) 75 N. J. Eq. 606, 73 Atl. 1118; Aumack V. Jackson (1912) 79 N. J. Eq. 599, 82 Atl. 896; Phillips v. Phillips (1913) 81 N. J. Eq. 459, 86 Atl. 949, affirmed in (1914) 83 N. J. Eq. 345, 91 Atl. 1070; Cessna v. Adams (1921) 93 N. J. Eq. 276, 115 Atl. 802.

Billings

V.

(1920)

Cottonwood Coun

Texas.

Mead v. Randolph (1852)

8 Tex. 191; Agricultural, M. & B. Asso. v. Brewster (1879) 51 Tex. 257; King v. Gilleland (1883) 60 Tex. 271; Hutzler v. Groff (1898) Tex. Civ. App., 48 S. W. 206; Kelly v. Short (1903) Tex. Civ. App. —, 75 S. W. 877; Smalley v. Paine (1910) 62 Tex. Civ. App. 52, 130 S. W. 739; Robson v. Moore (1914) Tex. Civ. App.

-

166 S. W. 908; Hambleton v. Southwest Texas Baptist Hospital (1915) Tex. Civ. App. -, 172 S. W. 574; Blumenthal v. Nussbaum (1917) Tex. Civ. App. —, 195 S. W. 275; Watts v. McCloud (1918) Tex. Civ. App. -, 205 S. W. 381; Rudasil v. Rudasill (1918) Tex. Civ. App. 206 S. W. 983; Carl v. Settegast (1919) Tex. Civ. App. -, 211 S. W. 506; Goodrich v. Hicks (1898) 19 Tex. Civ. App. 528, 48 S. W. 798. See also Houston Oil Co. v. Votaw (1916) Tex. Civ. App. 184 S. W. 647.

Washington. - Kinney v. McCall (1910) 57 Wash. 545, 107 Pac. 385; Harras v. Harras (1910) 60 Wash. 258, 110 Pac. 1085.

West Virginia.

Hamilton v. Mc

Mo.

Petrie v.

Reynolds 219 S. W. 934;

Childs v. Wesleyan Cemetery Asso. (1877) 4 Mo. App. 74.

Nebraska.

Roddy v. Roddy (1873) 3 Neb. 96; Kobarg v. Greeder (1897) 51 Neb. 365, 70 N. W. 921. New York. Crouse v. Frothingham (1884) 97 N. Y. 105.

Texas. (1890)

Howard v. Zimpelman Tex. - 14 S. W. 59; Cuney v. Dupree (1858) 21 Tex. 211; Grooms v. Rust (1863) 27 Tex. 231; Moreland v. Barnhart (1875) 44 Tex. 275; Markham v. Carothers (1877) 47 Tex. 21; Rogers v. Tompkins (1905) Tex. Civ. App. —, 87 S. W. 379; McBride v. Briggs (1917) Tex. Civ. App. 199 S. W. 341; Henslee v. Henslee (1893) 5 Tex. Civ. App. 367, 24 S. W. 321; Cunio v. Burland (1880) 1 Posey, Unrep. Cas. 469.

Donaghe V. Tams (1885) 81 Va. 132; Woodward v. Sibert (1886) 82 Va. 441.

West Virginia. Gilbert Bros. & Co. v. Lawrence Bros. (1904) 56 W. Va. 281, 49 S. E. 155;

- clear and positive, Cooksey v. Bryan (1894) 2 App. D. C. 557; Turpin v. Miles (1908) 108 Md. 678, 71 Atl. 440; Ruhe v. Ruhe (1910) 113 Md. 595, 77 Atl. 797; Johns v. Carroll (1908) 107 Md. 436, 69 Atl. 36; Brown v. Murray (1922) N. J. Eq. - 118 Atl. 534; Harrison v. McMennomy (1834) 2 Edw. Ch. (N. Y.) 251; Parker v. Newitt (1890) 18 Or. 274, 23 Pac. 246;

full and clear, Buck V. Pike (1833) 11 Me. 9; Kendall v. Mann (1865) 11 Allen (Mass.) 15;

- clear and distinct, Silvey V. Hodgdon (1877) 52 Cal. 363; Pillars v. McConnell (1895) 141 Ind. 670, 40 N. E. 689; Van Wert v. Chidester (1875) 31 Mich. 207; Bernard v. Bougard (1836) Harr. Ch. (Mich.)

130; Kane v. O'Conners (1883) 78 Va. 76; Sinclair v. Sinclair (1884) 79 Va. 40;

clear and indubitable, Grant v. Bradstreet (1895) 87 Me. 583, 33 Atl. 165; Bernard V. Bougard (1836) Harr. Ch. (Mich.) 130; Mead v. Robertson (1908) 131 Mo. App. 185, 110 S. W. 1095;

-clear and unquestionable, Phelps v. Seely (1872) 22 Grant. (Va.) 573; Donaghe v. Tams (1885) 81 Va. 132; Armstrong v. Bailey (1897) 43 W. Va. 778, 28 S. E. 766; Hamilton v. McKinney (1902) 52 W. Va. 317, 43 S. E. 82; Hatfield v. Allison (1905) 57 W. Va. 374, 50 S. E. 729;

- clear and unambiguous, Mercer v. Stark (1841) Smedes & M. Ch. (Miss.) 479;

very clear and corroborated, Jamison v. Wells (1922) Tex. Civ. App., 236 S. W. 806;

- clear, strong, and unquestionable, Re Teter (1909) 173 Fed. 798, affirmed in (1910) 103 C. C. A. 213, 179 Fed. 655; Hudkins v. Grim (1908) 64 W. Va. 225, 61 S. E. 166; Spaulding v. Spaulding (1920) 87 W. Va. 26, 104 S. E. 604;

-full, clear, and explicit, Throckmorton v. Throckmorton (1895) 91 Va. 42, 22 S. E. 162; Faulkner v. Grantham (1904) 55 W. Va. 317, 47 S. E. 78;

-clear, explicit, and satisfactory, Chance v. Graham (1915) 76 Or. 199, 148 Pac. 63; Lau's Estate (1896) 176 Pa. 100, 34 Atl. 969;

-full, clear, and satisfactory, United States. Cole v. Thompson (1909) 169 Fed. 729. Alabama. Parker McVey v. (1879) 64 Ala. 493; Bibb v. Hunter (1885) 79 Ala. 351.

Alaska. Cooper River Min. Co. v. McClellan (1903) 2 Alaska, 134. Arkansas. Byers v. Danley

(1871) 27 Ark. 77.

California. - Anthony v. Chapman (1884) 65 Cal. 73, 2 Pac. 889. Delaware. Harvey v. Pennypacker (1872) 4 Del. Ch. 445. Illinois. Francis v. Roades (1893) 146 Ill. 635, 35 N. E. 232; Hartley v. Hartley (1917) 279 Ill. 593, 117 N. E. 69; McCarthy v. McCarthy

Texas. Cunio v. Burland (1880) 1 Posey, Unrep. Cas. 469.

West Virginia. Troll v. Carter (1879) 15 W. Va. 582; Bright v. Knight (1891) 35 W. Va. 40, 13 S. E. 63; Gilbert Bros. v. Lawrence Bros. (1904) 56 W. Va. 281, 49 S. E. 155; clear, positive, and satisfactory, Hunter v. Feild (1914) 114 Ark. 128, 169 S. W. 813; Greer v. Greer (1922) Ark., 244 S. W. 471; Jennings v. Shacklett (1878) 30 Gratt (Va.) 765;

clear and uncontrovertible, Moore v. Hunter (1844) 6 Ill. 317;

- clear, decisive, and satisfactory, Sunderland v. Sunderland (1865) 19 Iowa, 325;

-clear, distinct, and satisfactory, Willis v. Robertson (1903) 121 Iowa, 380, 96 N. W. 900; Cutler v. Tuttle (1868) 19 N. J. Eq. 549;

- clear and strong, Ratigan Ratigan (1917) 181 Iowa, 860, 162 N. W. 580, 165 N. W. 85;

-clear,

definite, and probative, Bradley v. Bradley (1893) 119 Mo. 58, 24 S. W. 757;

-clear, strong, and satisfactory, Mitchell v. O'Neale (1869) 4 Nev. 504;

-clear, specific, and satisfactory, Carter v. Carter (1905) 14 N. D. 66, 103 N. W. 425;

-

clear and unmistakable, Barger v. Barger (1897) 30 Or. 268, 47 Pac. 702;

-

clear and specific, Brickell v. Earley (1886) 115 Pa. 473, 8 Atl. 623;

- clear, precise, and explicit, Donithen v. Independent Order of Foresters (1903) 23 Pa. Super. Ct. 442, reversed on other grounds in (1904) 209 Pa. 170, 58 Atl. 142;

- clear, distinct, and positive, Emerick v. Emerick (1858) 3 Phila. (Pa.) 94;

-exact, clear, and positive, Cunio v. Burland (1880) 1 Posey, Unrep. Cas. (Tex.) 469;

-clear, full, and unquestionable, Pickens v. Wood (1905) 57 W. Va. 480, 50 S. E. 818.

Overwhelming.

There are several Iowa cases to the effect that parol evidence to es