Economics and the Global EnvironmentCambridge University Press, 2000 M10 9 - 583 pages "Economics and the Global Environment is a path-breaking, comprehensive analysis of how economic and environmental systems mesh in the international context. The book investigates if and how environmental resources, such as global climate, genetic diversity, and transboundary pollution can be managed in an international system of sovereign states without a Global Environment Protection Agency. It also considers traditional international economics--theory and policy--and explores how they can be expanded to accommodate environmental values. Until recently, trade theory and trade policy neglected pollution and environmental degradation. This situation has changed dramatically, and the controversial and corrosive issues of trade and the environment are here given careful analysis. These topics are enriched by a concise presentation of the principles of environmental economics, and a thoughtful treatment of sustainable development. The book will appeal to students and practitioners of trade and development, as well as the environmental community"--Container. |
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... regulations . Even here , however , the analysis often takes an institutional or legal approach , or exists in scattered sources - technical journal articles , specialized reports , and working papers with a relatively narrow audience ...
... regulations . Even here , however , the analysis often takes an institutional or legal approach , or exists in scattered sources - technical journal articles , specialized reports , and working papers with a relatively narrow audience ...
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... regulations used as covert trade barriers ? Is comparative advantage determined by environ- mental resource endowments ? Should poor countries specialize in produc- ing " dirty " products ? Transnational pollution and the protection of ...
... regulations used as covert trade barriers ? Is comparative advantage determined by environ- mental resource endowments ? Should poor countries specialize in produc- ing " dirty " products ? Transnational pollution and the protection of ...
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Contents
Introduction and Plan of the Book | 3 |
2 Stepping Back | 6 |
3 Internationalizing Environmental Economics | 9 |
4 Plan of the Book | 13 |
5 A Cautionary Note | 17 |
Note to Part 1 | 21 |
Interactions and TradeOffs | 23 |
2 Linkages | 24 |
4 Who Gains and Who Loses? Distribution Questions | 250 |
TradeEnvironment Policy Evolution of the Debate and Taxonomy of the Issues | 260 |
2 Evolution of the Issue | 261 |
A Taxonomy | 266 |
Institutional and Policy Responses OECD WTOGATT EU and NAFTA | 285 |
3 The GATT the WTO and the Environment | 290 |
4 Trade and Environment in the European Union and NAFTA | 301 |
Empirical Studies | 309 |
3 TradeOffs and Complementarities | 29 |
4 Evolution over Time | 36 |
Appendix 21 Derivation of Production Possibility Curves | 40 |
The Roots of Environmental Degradation | 44 |
2 Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus as Welfare Measures | 45 |
3 Efficiency and Equity | 52 |
4 Market and Government Failures and Environmental Degradation | 55 |
5 The Coase Theorem | 69 |
Exact Welfare Measures Compensating and Equivalent Variation and Surplus | 72 |
Issues of Time | 79 |
2 Discounting | 80 |
3 An Environmental Discount Rate? | 88 |
4 Examples of Discounting and Intertemporal Resource Allocation | 97 |
5 Intergenerational Efficiency Equity and Sustainability | 110 |
How Clean Is Clean Enough? | 116 |
2 Optimal Environmental Protection | 117 |
3 Concepts of Environmental Value | 122 |
4 Techniques for Monetary Valuation | 125 |
5 Alternatives to Monetary Valuation | 138 |
6 Valuing Life and Health | 140 |
7 Conclusions | 142 |
The Governments Tool Kit | 146 |
2 Promoting Coasian Markets | 147 |
3 CommandandControl versus MarketBased Instruments | 150 |
4 Effluent and Emission Taxes versus Tradeable Permits | 157 |
5 Subsidies | 163 |
6 Double Dividends and the Choice of Tools in a SecondBest World | 164 |
7 The Tools in Practice | 165 |
Note to Part 2 | 171 |
Trade and Environment An Overview of Theory | 174 |
Early Contributions | 178 |
4 The NorthSouth Controversy | 185 |
5 Theory of Policy and Policy Coordination | 191 |
6 Terms of Trade and Factor Mobility | 195 |
7 Strategic Behavior in Trade and Environmental Policy | 199 |
Theory of Trade and Environment A Diagrammatic Exposition | 202 |
3 The Six Cases in Detail | 205 |
Theory of Policy Partial Equilibrium Terms of Trade and Distributional Issues | 238 |
2 Welfare Analytics The Basics | 239 |
3 The Murky World of the SecondBest | 243 |
3 Trade Effects of Product and Packaging Standards Ecolabelling and Multilateral Environmental Agreements | 325 |
4 Impact of Trade and Trade Liberalization on the Environment | 335 |
Note to Part 3 | 343 |
International Environmental Externalities Theory and Policy Responses | 345 |
2 Theoretical Illustrations | 347 |
3 Policy Responses | 360 |
4 A Potpourri of Evidence | 363 |
Appendix 131 Negotiating MEAs | 380 |
Economics and Global Warming | 387 |
2 Analytical Complexities and Factual Background | 388 |
3 Global Warming in a CostBenefit Framework | 401 |
4 The International Context | 405 |
5 Approaches and Tools | 414 |
6 Taxes and Quotas | 417 |
7 International Response | 427 |
Economics and Ocean Fisheries | 432 |
2 Theory | 434 |
3 Enclosure | 445 |
4 Examples from Fisheries Management | 448 |
Note to Part 4 | 463 |
Perspectives on Sustainable Development | 465 |
2 Changing Views on Resource Limits | 466 |
3 The Equity Roots | 471 |
4 What Is To Be Sustained? | 474 |
5 Policies for Sustainable Development | 481 |
6 The International Dimension | 483 |
Measuring Sustainable Development | 487 |
A Green NNP? | 489 |
3 Some Examples of Green Accounting | 503 |
4 An Environmental Kuznets Curve? | 509 |
UserCost and NetPrice Methods to Value Depletion of Natural Capital | 512 |
Trade Environment and Sustainable Development Thailands Mixed Experience | 516 |
3 Environmental Measures Affecting Thai Trade | 522 |
4 Impacts on Specific Sectors | 530 |
5 Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development | 539 |
6 A Concluding Thought | 543 |
Looking Back Looking Forward | 545 |
References | 553 |
575 | |
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Common terms and phrases
abatement costs adjustment agreement agriculture allocation analysis assume autarky benefits carbon tax Chapter conservation consumer surplus consumption conventional demand curve depletion developing countries discount rate distortions domestic ecolabelling effects efficient emissions envi environmental damages environmental degradation Environmental Economics environmental policy environmental protection environmental quality environmental regulations environmental resources environmental services equilibrium equity estimates example expenditures export externality Figure fisheries fishing GATT global warming growth harvest important income increase industry initial inputs intergenerational equity international environmental international trade investment issues labor marginal cost ment Montreal Protocol natural capital natural resources negotiations OECD opportunity cost optimal output percent Pigovian tax pollution abatement pollution-abatement present value problem property rights quotas reduce restrictions result ronmental sector specific subsidies sustainable development Thailand tion trade and environment trade measures trade-environment tradeable permits United waste World World Bank zero