General WOODBURY. Sir, there are several agencies that are directly concerned with water resource development, as you well know. In this particular region they include TVA, and in addition to the Public Health Service, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Agriculture, as well as the State and private agencies.

It is our view that this study will be a coordinated study, and that we will seek the participation by each agency that has an interest, and we will capitalize on their expertise, if you will, in their particular area, and capitalize, too, on the qualifications of particular agencies that have particular geographic responsibilities, as in the case of TVA, and that this study will, when it is produced, be an integrated and coordinated study with the views of these other agencies reflected in the study.

Senator RANDOLPH. You anticipate no conflict of authority?

General WOODBURY. We do not, sir. The Corps of Engineers has in response to this draft legislation, already initiated contact with these agencies, including the TVA. Colonel Lee has traveled down to TVA country and talked to the staff and board of the TVA. We have participated jointly with them in a briefing of State agencies here in Washington, and we expect to continue this cooperative approach to the overall development of the region.

Senator RANDOLPH. I am personally convinced this can be and will be carried forth in a spirit of cooperative inquiry. I am sure the attitude of the Corps of Engineers is constructive.

General WOODBURY. We have no apprehension, sir.

Senator RANDOLPH. Fine. Thank you. Senator Cooper?

Senator COOPER. I would say that I think this is a very important part of this program because the floods which sweep these areas almost annually destroy lives and property and inhibit any kind of development, even local investment, and they depress property values, so the tax base is greatly lowered for other improvements that communities and counties would like to make.

I am going to ask a specific question directed at programs in my own State of Kentucky. I am sure you recall that basin studies are now underway on the Big Sandy River, the Licking River, the Upper Kentucky, the Upper Cumberland, and, of course, on the great Ohio River.

These studies, and the resulting action that may be taken in the upper reaches of these streams which are in this very area, make very important both early completion and action upon whatever projects meet the criteria of the Corps of Engineers. Will the overall study authorized in this bill defer or delay any action which might be taken under the studies which are now in progress?

General WOODBURY. Thank you, Senator. The study that is authorized by this act will not in any way delay other ongoing study programs. We anticipate that some of these studies, such as the Big Sandy of which you spoke

Senator RANDOLPH. In which West Virginia is also interested.
General WOODBURY. I understand that, sir.

Senator RANDOLPH. Is this right, Senator?

Senator CooPER. Yes.

General WOODBURY (continuing). Will be processed this year and this new study will utilize the information that has been produced and that was used in the development of the other studies to see what

further developments should be undertaken to control streams and water and land resources in areas that are not proposed in these existing studies.

Senator COOPER. Assuming that the Corps of Engineers is ready or will soon be ready to report on the studies that it has made of the river basins or reservoirs such as the proposed Royalton Reservoir near Salyersville in Kentucky, with which I am familiar, or basins and reservoirs in other States, and those studies were made upon existing authorities of the Corps of Engineers, is it possible to take into consideration, assuming that this act is passed, such additional criteria as this act will permit before the final reports come to the Congress?

General WOODBURY. We feel, sir, that existing studies which contain favorable recommendations should not be delayed by the occasion of this act, but should proceed into authorization and construction in order to move ahead with the economic development of this region. We recognize that in some of these existing studies there may have been areas in which, under current criteria, development work could not be recommended. These will be reviewed, sir, under the terms of this act, under its purposes, and additional reports made on those projects which might be found to qualify under any new criteria that would be developed as a result of this act.

Senator COOPER. You answered my question well, and I thank you. Senator RANDOLPH. Colonel Lee, we wish you to know that your conferences with members of the staff in the Public Works Committee and with others have been very helpful in the development of areas of understanding. We are pleased that your office is already in being, because when this bill passes-and I am going to say now that I believe it will become law before the 1st of April-we hope that the water resources study will be immediately initiated. We hope to act early in February in the Senate, but your work before the fact and not after the fact is very helpful. We commend you, General, and you, Mr. Reisler, and you, Colonel Lee, and the others in your agency who are active in this effort.

General WOODBURY. I can assure you there is nothing that would please Colonel Lee more than to have this act pass so he can go to work on Appalachia by the 1st of April. He is a very aggressive officer, as you know.

Senator RANDOLPH. That is true. We are very impressed with the manner in which he has approached this assignment.

General Woodbury, Colonel Lee, and Mr. Reisler, we thank you for this testimony and I can assure you this is an important phase of this bill. We recognize it as such and certainly the people of the area believe that it is highly important. It is an imperative part of the measure. Thank you very much.

General WOODBURY. Thank you, sir.

Senator RANDOLPH. I see our former colleague of the Senate, Senator Walters, of Tennessee, who accompanies the Governor, the Honorable Frank G. Clement. Senator Walters, we would be delighted to have you sit with Governor Clement during his testimony.

Senator WALTERS. Thank you, sir.

Senator RANDOLPH. Governor Clement, you will, of course, bring those persons with you to sit at the table, if you desire.

Governor CLEMENT. Fine. I would like to present at this time, all of you know, our distinguished former Senator Herbert S. Walters. We also have a member of the general assembly that I have a little business with, Representative Jimmy Cook, of Davidson County here. Senator RANDOLPH. At this time, I believe it is appropriate to place in the record a letter from our distinguished colleague, the senior Senator from Tennessee, Senator Albert Gore, who is unable to appear in person at this time.

STATEMENT OF HON. ALBERT GORE, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF TENNESSEE

Mr. Chairman, I appreciate very much the courtesy of the committee in allowing me to express my views on the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965.

Certainly this measure is of historic importance in that it recognizes, and would implement, the regional concept in dealing with problems of development. This is a key measure of the 89th Congress, not only because of the benefits which it would bring to a sizable portion of our country, but also because it could be, and I hope will be, the prelude to a succession of measures tailored to fit the needs of other regions.

Of course, not all regions require the same treatment. Not all would benefit equally from the same treatment. A dollar spent in this way in all regions would be inefficient and most undesirable. But I want the members of this committee whose constituents do not live in Appalachia to know that I will support properly tailored bills to benefit other lagging regions just as vigorously as I support this

one.

This bill is badly needed. It, or something like it, is of the utmost necessity if we are to bring Appalachia up to the educational, technological, and industrial level of the more prosperous portions of the country.

The bill is important to the people of the State I have the honor, in part, to represent in the Senate. But it is surely worthy of support on the basis of the strength its implementation will lend to the entire national fabric.

Approximately half the counties in Tennessee are included in Appalachia, and about one-third of the State's population is located there. Not all these counties are poor; indeed, some of the State's wealthier counties are in this region. But on the whole, the people of Appalachia have a per capita income about threefourths that in the remainder of the State, and unemployment is about one-third greater.

The main thrust of this bill, at least as measured in dollars, is in the field of transportation. This is certainly as it should be, for the first need of Appalachia is transportation, particularly highways. One of the characteristics of the region is its isolation, and transportation will certainly do much to overcome this obstacle. I hope the main highways and access roads authorized by this bill will be so located as to forge commercial links between our great cities and markets and the now isolated communities of Appalachia.

But, although transportation is important, I am glad to see that other avenues of development are explored.

Water rsource development can do much. Indeed, the Tennessee Valley Authority has already demonstrated this fact. Those portions of Appalachia not in the Tennessee Valley can, perhaps, be brought up to the high standards now pertaining in the TVA area in this regard.

Coal is without question the region's most important mineral resource, and it is right and proper that improvements in mining and marketing should be considered in any plan for regional improvement. Low-cost thermal power can be most important in attracting certain industries. And here again TVA has demonstrated something of what can be done.

Tourism and recreation are already important to Tennessee's portion of Appalachia and can be exploited further. Appalachia is within easy motoring reach of the eastern part of the country, where the bulk of the population is located. With the expansion of leisure time, a larger share of the domestic tourists' dollar should and can be funneled into Appalachia.

There is one portion of this bill I would like particularly to emphasize. I refer to part B, which provides for funds to supplement and modify existing Federal programs. Second to transportation, this may well be the most important part of this bill.

In my view, the accelerated public works program has been one of the most effective programs for the advancement of our smaller communities. The funds released under that program enabled many Tennessee communities to construct sewer and water systems. Without those Federal funds, local resources would have been greatly strained.

Indeed, without the triggering effect of Federal funds, many Tennessee communities would have continued to go without proper public facilities. Now that some water and sewer systems have been built, however, the people have begun to enjoy a better life and a safer life, and some start has been made toward bringing in industry where there was none before. Where industrialization had begun, it has been truly accelerated.

It appears now that the APW program will not be revived or reenacted. If such is to be the case, part B of this bill takes on added significance, and should, perhaps, be strengthened.

I would respectfully suggest to the committee that serious consideration be given to adding emphasis to part B, particularly with respect to community facilities. I am sure many communities in Appalachia outside of Tennessee have need for these projects, and, indeed, have plans drawn and engineering practically completed. I know such is the case in Tennessee's portion of Appalachia.

The problem of Appalachia are many. Although they are capable of solution, this bill alone, of course, will not solve them. But this bill does delineate some of them and provides a start toward their solution.

The people of Appalachia themselves must do most of the job. They are fine people, and are anxious and eager to move along with the rest of the country. They do need outside help in getting started on the right road.

I hope the committee will report this bill promptly, with such amendments as seem justified. I shall support the measure vigorously when it comes before the Senate.

Senator RANDOLPH. Governor Clement, we know of the vigorous efforts that have been made under your administration for the development of the potential of Tennessee.

As one who supported the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930's, and there was no direct benefit to West Virginia, I hope that those in Congress will look at the results of that legislation and acknowledge its benefits not only to the immediate area, but to the Nation as a whole. Similar benefits are, I believe, held forth in the pending legislation.

Governor Clement, you proceed in your own way and we are delighted to have you, sir.

STATEMENT OF HON. FRANK G. CLEMENT, GOVERNOR OF TENNESSEE, ACCOMPANIED BY FORMER SENATOR HERBERT S. WALTERS AND LINDSAY ALBERT, DIRECTOR OF STATE PLANNING, STATE OF TENNESSEE

Governor CLEMENT. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I want to first of all thank you and members of your committee and your staff members and associates for this privilege, and again in response to the invitation you so kindly issued a few moments ago to your former colleague Senator Walters.

I would say for the record I always feel better when Senator Walters is by my side, whatever the situation may be, and I am glad to have him here with me.

Senator RANDOLPH. Thank you.

Governor CLEMENT. We have also with us, Mr. Lindsay Albert, our director of State planning, to my right, because he works very closely with us and with officials of the Federal Government and also with local officials in the affected area to which we are directing our

attention today. And it might be that now or later this committee might want some detailed information and I am sure Mr. Albert could be very helpful to us.

Senator RANDOLPH. Thank you, sir.

Governor CLEMENT. I appreciate, as I said a moment ago, Mr. Chairman, very much this opportunity to testify in behalf of Senate bill 3 which embodies President Johnson's Appalachian regional development program.

This program, as you know, has evolved over several years and represents careful study and deliberation by the representatives of 11 States, together with many Federal agencies. It is a concerted effort to do something about a segment of our Nation which does not share in the affluent society, most often through no fault of its own.

Now I don't intend on this occasion to go into more detail than the committee would desire that we do so, but I conceive it my duty not to try to tell this committee those things which I know of all people you are most familiar with already, things that would be repetition.

But it is my desire, as we lawyers would say, to be as brief as possible that we more or less have a meeting of the minds between those of you who serve here in the Capital of our Nation and those of us who serve back in the State capitals. And if there are any areas of disagreement or misunderstanding, I know that you as well as we would want to be sure again that we clarified them and tried to seek those areas of understanding instead.

Tennessee gives unequivocal support to the Appalachian program now being considered. It is a joint local-State-Federal effort to enhance economic opportunities in the region. During the formative. stages of the program, the President's Appalachian Commission held numerous meetings in the region to discuss the various problems and aspects of development. The two meetings held in Tennessee demonstrated beyond any doubt the acceptance of the program and the determination by local citizens groups that we must work together to solve common problems.

I would like to point out, also, that the cities and county governments in Tennessee, through their associations, testified last year before the appropriate committees in behalf of this program.

I would like to emphasize from the beginning that while we are here considering the Appalachian region as a whole, not all of the region should be considered in a "depressed" condition. Within the region lie some of our more prosperous industrial areas. In Tennessee's portion of Appalachia, for example, the Kingsport-Johnson City-Bristol area, the Morristown-Greeneville area, the Knoxville-Alcoa-Oak Ridge areas, and the Chattanooga area, to mention several, serve as large economic nuclei around which much of our fine industry develops. But nevertheless, in the outlying areas, in some of the smaller communities, in the mountainous areas, and in some rural areas, we find severe problems of economic decline. These have been brought about as pointed out in the Appalachian regional commission report, largely through changes in agriculture and in production of coal. Technology is changing our way of life.

We must realize, as a people, that our private enterprise system is the "backbone" of America. But we must realize, also, that this system is continually changing and we must be willing and able to

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