This schematic drawing shows how General Motors air injection system works. Belt-driven air supply pump sends air through injection tube to point near the engine's exhaust valves. In reaction area this injected air mixes with exhaust gases from cylinders and oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to a level below California exhaust emission standard. "Treated exhaust" must contain less than 275 parts per million by volume hydrocarbons and 1.5 percent by volume carbon monoxide to meet the California standard.

Heart of General Motors air injection system is an air pump (A) driven by the automobile's engine. Air from pump is piped to a point (B) near engine's exhaust valves where it mixes with exhaust gases from cylinders and oxidizes hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to level below California exhaust emission standard.

STATEMENT OF B. W. BOGAN, VICE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING, CHRYSLER CORP.

Mr. BOGAN. Senator, I am pleased to make the following report for Chrysler Corp. in reply to your letter requesting a report on our progress and programs for achieving control of vehicle emissions.

Perhaps the best way to envision future developments is to find out where we are now and how we got there.

In March 1962, Chrysler announced that our work on exhaust controls had resulted in a research conclusion that the levels of exhaust controls desired by California to combat photochemical smog could be achieved by a series of engine system modifications. We called these combined modifications our cleaner air package.

In November of 1962, we announced that the results of our further research and that of others, were sufficiently encouraging that we were going ahead with a production test of vehicles for use in California climates.

At the same time, we also reported that extreme cold weather operations required further study, primarily in the areas of better starting and warmup.

In May, June, and July of 1963, 1,000 cars with the experimental cleaner air package exhaust controls were evaluated by citizens of California who were willing to participate in the production test. The results were favorable.

As a further development step, in November of 1963 we offered the cleaner air package to fleet operators in California.

Meanwhile, we submitted our cleaner air package to the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board. In October of 1963, the board started the tests for approval. These tests were completed in November of 1964 and on November 18, the board approved the use of the Chrysler cleaner air package.

Since that time, major efforts have been directed toward production adaptation and scheduling of the cleaner air package for our 1966 cars and light trucks. This is a substantial task because of the number of engine and transmission combinations involved. Each combination requires separately calibrated devices. We are pleased to advise that our current progress reports indicate that barring unforeseen difficulties, we expect to meet our goal to provide cleaner air packages for all of our 1966 passenger car models and light trucks sold in California. In the 1966 model year we expect to continue close communications and cooperation with California authorities. While our tests indicate our device will operate effectively and efficiently, nevertheless, as on most newly developed items, we anticipate that this year of experience will add considerable new information about the operation, manufacturing, and administration of new exhause controls both for the California officials involved and ourselves.

As indicated above, practically all of our efforts to date have been directed to development and production of systems specifically for use in connection with the California atmospheric conditions and climate. The procedures used for this project must now be applied to the problems of national application.

Our next step in an orderly development of these devices for broader usage will be the modification and testing of devices in various areas of the United States to determine the effect of such variables as extreme temperature variations and other climatic conditions.

These data combined with the experience gained through widespread cleaner air package use in California during the 1966 model year should provide the necessary technical information required for adaptation of the device for use in other areas of the country. We expect that this development work will include a production test on a portion of our 1967 model vehicles similar to that which preceded our cleaner air package for California release.

Following the successful completion of these steps, if necessary, we should be able to start our production tooling program to supply those cold weather areas which feel that they have an air pollution problem of the type encountered in California.

Thank you.

(There follows description of Chrysler Corp. cleaner air package :)

THE CHRYSLER CORP., CLEANER AIR PACKAGE

(A Simple, Effectice Method of Exhaust Emission Control)

INTRODUCTION

Chrysler Corp.'s cleaner air package (CAP) is a set of engine modifications that substantially reduce the automobile's contribution to air pollution (or photochemical smog). It can be said that cars equipped with CAP emit relatively clean exhaust gases.

Clean exhaust has a low concentration of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and a low percentage of carbon monoxide (CO) in its chemical composition. According to California standards, automotive exhaust must be controlled to limit HC emissions to 275 parts per million; this aids significantly in the reduction of the air pollution problem. The standards also require the exhaust CO concentration to be less than 1.5 percent for health reasons. Extensive testing has shown that Chrysler Corp.'s CAP meets the California standards.

Chrysler's development of CAP stems from the conviction that the place to burn the undesirable combustibles that contribute to air pollution is in the engine and not at some other location. With CAP, the fuel-air mixture is burned more completely in the combustion chambers, and HC and CO concentrations in the exhaust are reduced. CAP meets the essential requirements for more complete combustion: a lean fuel-air mixture at all operating conditions, a retarded spark at idle, and an advanced spark at "closed throttle" deceleration.

The principal advantages of CAP are that it effectively reduces exhaust emissions, is relatively inexpensive, is not complex, requires practically no additional maintenance beyond the normal recommendations, and does not adversely affect the engine's economy or performance.

CLEANER AIR PACKAGE COMPONENTS

The essential components in the factor-installed Chrysler cleaner air package

are

1. A modified carburetor;

2. A slightly altered distributor; and

3. A sensing valve which controls the spark adjustment during deceleration.