5. DEPENDENCE UPON FOREIGN SOURCES FOR MORE THAN 50% OF SUPPLY REQUIRED FOR INDUSTRY AND NATIONAL 6. IMPORTING THE FOLLOWING COMMODITIES Industry has turned to foreign sources of supply under pressure of increasing demands and rising costs of extraction and development as rich ore sources were depleted. Advancing technology has also influenced our increased dependence upon foreign sources of many natural resources. Technology has unfolded new frontiers and developed new products requiring materials available in limited quantities and located in limited areas of the world. This has forced a greater interdependence among nations to meet these special requirements. Newly developed weapons, aircraft, and space vehicles have made use of new materials. Examples are: Tantalum for capacitors Beryllium for bronze diaphragms Titanium for heat resistant alloys in space vehicles Boron for improved steel Columbium for new alloys Zirconium for heat resistant alloys Monazite, a source of thorium "Renewable" resources have been used and wasted extravagantly in the past. Even water supply has become a problem in many areas because of pollution, erosion of water sheds, and increased industrial and domestic use. Reading List 1. Behrman, Abraham S. Water is Everybody's Business; the Chemistry of Water Purification. Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1968. 2. Ciriacy-Wanthrup, S. V. and Parson, James J. Natural Resources: Quality and Quantity. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of Calif. Press, 1967. 3. Fisher, Joseph L. and Potter, Neal. World Prospects for 4. Skinner, Brian J. Earth Resources. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969. 5. Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President. U.S. Committee on Water Resources Research, FY 1965-68. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1968. 6. U.S. Congress, Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Saline Water Conversion Program. Hearings, 92d Congress, 1st Session on 5. 716 and 5.991, April 2, 1971. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 7. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Timber Trends in the United States. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1965. 8. U.S. Department of Interior. Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey. Mineral Facts and Problems. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1965. 9. U.S. Department of Interior. First Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior under the Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970 (PL 91-631). Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1972. 10. U.S. Water Resources Council. Nation's Water Resources; the first national assessment. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. NATURE OF MODERN WAR In the last 55 centuries, there have only been some 270 years in which a war of some significance was not going on somewhere throughout the world. Technology always creates a changing force of war; however, never has the prospective force of war been as radically changed as it has by atomic weapons and high speed, relatively invulnerable delivery systems. The spectrum of war ranges from atomic holocaust of general war down to insurgency. At the present time the most likely conflict is on the low side of the spectrum--limited wars or something less than conventional wars. While the concept of general nuclear war is relatively new, the idea of insurgency is as old to Americans as our country. Our experience with insurgency began with the British in 1775. The latter part of the 1800's witnessed the protracted actions involving the American Indians, followed around the turn of the century by the Moro uprisings in the Philippines. Other subsequent insurgent experiences involving the U.S., also away from our shores, included those in Haiti and Nicaragua. As a result of these situations a U.S. military doctrine was developed for "small wars." The term "Small War" is often a vague name for any one of a great variety of military operations. As it has applied to the United States, small wars have been operations undertaken under executive authority, wherein military force is combined with diplomatic pressure in the internal or external affairs of another state whose government is unstable, inadequate, or unsatisfactory for the preservation of life and of such interests as are determined by the foreign policy of our Nation. The assistance rendered in the affairs of another state may vary from a peaceful act such as the assignment of an administrative assistant, which is certainly nonmilitary and not placed under the classification of small wars, to the establishment of a complete military government supported by an active combat force. Small wars vary in degrees from simple demonstrative operations to military intervention in the fullest sense, short of war. They are not limited in their size, in the extent of their theater of operations nor their cost in property, money, or lives. The essence of a small war is its purpose and the circumstances surrounding its inception and conduct, the character of either one or all of the opposing forces, and the nature of the operations themselves. The legal and military features of each small war present distinctive characteristics which make the segregation of all of them into fixed classifications an extremely difficult problem. There are so many combinations of conditions that a simple classification of small wars is possible only when one is limited to specific features in his study, i. e., according to their legal aspects, their military or naval features, whether active combat was engaged in or not, and many other considerations. Since World War II there has been a flood of literature dealing with the old principles illustrated and the new technique developed in that war; but there always have been and ever will be other wars of an altogether different kind, undertaken in very different theaters of operations and requiring entirely different methods from those of the World War. Although small wars present a special problem requiring particular tactical and technical measures, the immutable principles of war remain the basis of these operations and require the greatest ingenuity in their application. As a conventional war never takes exactly the form of any of its predecessors, so even to a greater degree is each small war somewhat different from anything which has preceded it. One must ever be on guard to prevent his views becoming fixed as to procedure or methods. Formulation of foreign policy in our form of government is not a function of the military. Relations of the United States with foreign states are controlled by the executive and legislative branches of the Government. These policies are of course binding upon the forces of intervention, and in the absence of more specific instructions, the commander in the field looks to them for guidance. But since World War II a type of insurgency has developed which is relatively sophisticated, with its political, economic and |