mankind. Preparations are underway for a Law of the Sea Conference to establish new rules of conduct and jurisdiction over the seas and the deep seabed. Our key objective is agreement on a formula that will accommodate the interests of littoral states in offshore resources, and at the same time insure freedom of scientific research and freedom of navigation beyond a narrow territorial sea and through international straits. . "Finally, the United Nations, with U. S. leadership, fosters multilateral assistance for solving the world's population problems. The focal point for this endeavor is the U.N. Fund for Population Activities, which was established in 1967. . . "While these constructive activities were highlighted in the world press, many similar though less glamorous cooperative efforts were carried forward largely unnoticed in literally hundreds of international meetings during the year. Despite its political failings and an excess of confrontation tactics, the U. N. system is, in this pragmatic way, making a significant contribution to world peace and stability." Reading List 1. 2. 3. Baldwin, Hanson W. Strategy for Tomorrow. New York: Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era. New York: Viking, 1970. Burnham, James. The War We Are In. New Rochelle, N. Y.: 4. Duchacek, Ivo D. Nations and Men: An Introduction to International Politics. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, 1971. 5. Fulbright, J. William. The Arrogance of Power. New York: 6. Goulding, Phil. G. Confirm or Deny: Informing the People on National Security. New York: Harper, 1970. 7. Jones, Stephen B. and Murphy, Marine F. Geography and World Affairs. 2nd ed. New York: Rand McNally, 1965. 8. Kahn, Herman and Wiener, Anthony J., et. al. The Year 2000: A Framework for the Next Thirty-three Years. New York; Macmillan, 1967. 9. MacKinder, Sir Halford J. Democratic Ideals and Reality, with additional papers. Edited and introduced by Anthony J. Pearce. New York: Norton, 1962. 10. Mahan, Alfred T. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783. New York: Hill and Wang, 1957. 11. McGee, Gale W. The Responsibilities of World Power. Washington, D. C.: National Press, 1968. Alliances and American Foreign Policy. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968. 12. Osgood, Robert E. HUMAN RESOURCES A nation must develop and employ its human resources with even more care than it nurtures and applies its material riches. The 20th century has seen great advances in science and technology and in the understanding of societal values and ambitions. Yet one of the most important of recent developments has been a growing world awareness of the need to define goals for the employment of human beings and to develop and carry out strong and imaginative programs to reach these objectives. While societies differ in their attitudes toward the development and use of people as a national resource, there is broad agreement on the necessity for effective manpower policies. These policies, either precisely stated or implied, are among the most important of any that a nation can devise. In the emerging countries of the modern world, the aim is the creation of human capital in the form of skilled workers and technicians and educated managers and leaders. In the more advanced states, the objective is to allocate human resources to needed areas while at the same time developing new, more highly skilled pools of manpower. In the United States, manpower policy seeks the elimination of a persistent unemployment while at the same time endeavoring to raise general standards of welfare and education so that each individual will be able to accomplish his full potential. All societies, whatever their goals and however far they may have progressed, have certain common activities toward manpower and certain shared premises in the development and implementation of manpower policy. People, they agree, are producers and consumers--and soldiers to defend what is produced or consumed. They need food, clothing, shelter, tools, medicine, education, and assurance of the means to obtain them. For the good of all, they also need encouragement in directions that will best develop and protect the nation. To this end, human resources must be measured and evaluated, manpower requirements calculated both quantitatively and qualitatively, and a realistic program devised for the development and utilization of manpower. And all of this must be accomplished within a policy that will balance the needs of the state against the rights, freedoms, and desires of the individual in accordance with agreed national values and customs. In 1798, T. R. Malthus first published his famous "Essay on the Principle of Population." It was Malthus' theory that production of food increased as an arithmetic progression, whereas population increased as a geometric progression. He concluded that human beings could help avoid the serious problem of population surplus by institution of certain preventive checks such as delayed marriage and celibacy. The world has moved a long way since the days of Malthus. For many years, as technology and opening of new lands enabled food production to increase faster than population growth, Malthus and his theories fell into ridicule. However, with the population surge brought about by the partial control of the "natural" means of population control, namely war, pestilence, famine, and disease, the problem has reappeared. Many current authors are pessimistic concerning the ability to cope with accelerated population growth, particularly in countries where the basic economy is agricultural. The population of any country constitutes a human resource or a critical problem depending on the ability of the country to provide an adequate standard of living. Today the related problems of population and family size, food production, and economic development are equally important to all nations. The Secretary of State, in his report on United States Foreign Policy 1972, summarizes the world population problem very succinctly as follows: "It is widely recognized that a major obstacle to efforts of many developing nations to improve the quality of life of their peoples is the heavy burden of rapid population growth. Yet the continued rapid increase of population was among the most powerful realities of 1972. "The efforts of the United States and many other nations and institutions to bring this rampant growth under control intensified, and there was evidence of progress. Nevertheless, there was growing recognition that the difficulties of lowering fertility, especially in rural areas, are greater than had been thought earlier. "Dimensions of the Problem "During the eight years since January 1965 when the United States first offered assistance to developing countries in population/ family planning matters, world population has increased from about 3.3 billion to an estimated 3.8 billion today. In 1972 alone--according to U. N. projections--some 76 million people were added, about 11 million of these in developed countries and 65 million in developing countries. The annual growth rate in the developed countries approximated 1 percent. In the developing countries it averaged about 2.5 percent, with many countries over 3 percent. As mortality rates decline over the next several years, the growth rate may be even higher. "The United Nations has revised its projections upward to a year 2000 figure of 7.65 billion, if present fertility rates in the developing countries should persist. "Even in countries with national programs to bring population growth under control, family planning services are reaching only a small percentage of the eligible couples. National leaders still must be motivated to take the measures necessary to assure that family planning information, education, and services are available to the great masses of their populations, especially in rural areas. "In addition, the leaders of a few major countries and several small ones are not yet convinced that there is a need to take any measures to enable and encourage their peoples to limit their fertility. These leaders need further information and understanding concerning the relationship of demographic factors to their national development and the health and welfare of their peoples. This is primarily a task for international agencies, but it is also one in which the United States can be actively helpful. the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported in November that, despite the great hopes for the Green Revolution, during the past two years food production in the developing regions has not kept up with population growth. In India, after the optimistic predictions only a year ago of surpluses of wheat and rice production, droughts have so reduced crops that it will be necessary to import several million tons of cereals to avoid |