To conduct graduate level courses of study in national security with emphasis on management of national resources under current and predicted environments. Such studies will include both national and world interrelated military, economic, political, scientific, and social factors, with the objective of enhancing the preparation of selected military officers and civilian personnel for positions of high trust in the national and international security structure.

MISSION OF THE SEMINAR PROGRAM

To conduct two-week extension courses in seminar form for senior Reserve officers of the military Services and interested civilians, in selected cities throughout the nation, to enable conferees to contribute more effectively to national security.

AFRICA

Africa means many things to many people. To the average American it has long been a great unknown continent of steaming jungles and pagan peoples ranging in size from 4-foot pygmies to 7-foot Watusi warriors. To the geographer it is a continent replete with opportunities for research, for here are some of the driest desert and the heaviest rainfalls in the world and the terrain varies from snowcapped Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania to the marshes of west and central Africa. The economist regards its rich and undeveloped agricultural and mineral resources as a golden lode waiting to be mined. Africa's possibilities are almost limitless, but the continent is burdened with social, economic and political problems.

One of the most dramatic and far-reaching changes of the last decade has been the emergence of an independent Africa. Less than 15 years ago, 32 countries covering nearly five-sixths of the continent were still colonies, their voices silent in world affairs. Today, there are 42 sovereign nations, proudly determined to shape their own future. And contrary to fears so often voiced at their birth, these nations did not succumb to Communist subversion. Africa is one of the world's most striking examples, in fact, of the failure of the appeal of communism in the new nations. African states now comprise nearly one-third of the membership of the United Nations. African issues have become important moral and political questions. African views justly merit and receive the attention of the world.

But this rebirth of a continent has been hazardous as well as hopeful. Africa was the scene of many of the recurrent crises of the 1960's. There was the factional strife and international rivalry in the Congo, an arms race between Ethiopia and Somalia, the establishment of white minority rule in Southern Rhodesia, and the agonizing human loss in the Nigerian civil war. The Sudan has been split with conflict between the Hamites in the north and negro tribes in the south.

Our policy in 1971 was based on mutual respect and a commitment to frankness in our relations with the nations of Africa. We agree wholeheartedly with African aspirations for social justice, self-determination, and economic progress throughout the continent. We have taken concrete steps and have subscribed to peaceful change to support these aims. In all our contacts with the nations of Africa we have opposed the use of force by any party in dealing with the political, economic, and social problems of the continent.

In his report to the Congress on February 9, 1972, titled UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY FOR THE 1970'S--THE EMERGING STRUCTURE OF PEACE, President Nixon included the following section on Africa.

"We owe it to ourselves and to Africa to define clearly and to state candidly American interests, aims and possibilities in the African Continent. We owe it to ourselves and to the Africans to understand clearly their aims and priorities.

"Our African diplomacy, including my own meetings these past three years with the leaders of 14 African nations, has been directed to the establishment of an honest relationship with the peoples and governments of the continent.

"Africa is in its second decade of emancipation from colonial rule and the achievements of independent Africa have been impressive:

--Despite great obstacles, African states have maintained their political independence and territorial integrity.

--Though progress was uneven, a number of African states have taken significant strides to broaden their economic base and to develop untapped resources.

--In the face of overwhelming domestic strains, African leaders in the main have succeeded in moving toward internal consolidation.

--Despite great ethnic diversity and unnatural geographic divisions, Africans have created new regional institutions to grapple with common problems.