4. Harbor of refuge at Duck Island Harbor, Connecticut.-This harbor is a broad bay on the north side of Long Island Sound, about midway between the harbors of New Haven and New London, a distance of 46 miles in the widest part of the Sound, where there is no sufficient harbor of refuge for general commerce. Duck Island Harbor is large enough for such use, but is naturally unprotected from storms from any southerly quarter.

By order of Congress, examinations of this harbor were made in 1883 and 1886, and subsequently a project was adopted for making it a harbor of refuge by constructing three riprap breakwaters, the west one extending westerly from Duck Island, the middle one extending northeasterly from Duck Island, the east one extending southwesterly from Menunketesuck Point to the east limit of the harbor. The total length of these breakwaters was to be 5,880 feet and their estimated cost is $463,540.

Work under this project was begun in May, 1891, and up to July 1, 1892, 946 linear feet of the west breakwater had been built, extending it westwardly from. Duck Island to a depth of 15 feet at mean low water. At this length it affords a limited shelter from southeast and south storms.

During the past fiscal year the work has been extended about 294 feet, making it 1,240 feet long, and under the existing contract it will be further extended to a total length of about 2,000 feet.

The total amount appropriated for this improvement is $60,000.

It is proposed to continue breakwater construction under future appropriations.

July 1, 1892, balance unexpended.........

Amount appropriated by act approved July 13, 1892..

$1,315. 10 35,000.00

36, 315. 10 3, 449.92

June 30, 1893, amount expended during fiscal year..

July 1, 1893, balance unexpended.

July 1, 1893, outstanding liabilities.

32, 865. 18

$5, 252.39

July 1, 1893, amount covered by uncompleted contracts....

23, 062.57

28, 314.96

4,550.22

July1, 1893, balance available......

Amount (estimated) required for completion of existing project... Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix D 4.)

403, 540.00 100, 000, 00

5. Clinton Harbor, Connecticut.-This harbor is 10 miles west of the mouth of the Connecticut River. Its channel runs for nearly a mile inside of a beach, through which a breach was made about the year 1840, after which the channel shoaled in two places to about 4 feet depth where it had been 8 feet deep.

The project for improvement adopted in 1882 provided for closing the breach, and, if that did not restore the channel depth, for dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water through the shoals. The entire cost was estimated at $10,000.

A riprap dike was built across the breach in 1883 and repaired in 1892. July 1, 1892, the dike was in good condition; no dredging had been done, and the channel had not deepened since 1882.

During the past fiscal year a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water was dredged with 85 feet width through the inner bar and 75 feet width

through the outer bar. This affords all the relief that the commerce of the harbor needs at present.

In 1893 the project was modified to make the width sought 75 feet and the total cost for completion $8,500. This project is completed. No appropriation will be required for the ensuing year.

6. New Haven Harbor, Connecticut.-The original available low-water depth up to the wharves in this harbor was about 9 feet.

The first project for deepening the channel provided for making it 13 feet deep, which was done in 1871. It was widened at different times until 1878, when a project was adopted for dredging a channel 16 feet deep and not less than 400 feet wide. In 1882 a project was adopted for building a dike to extend out from Sandy Point, with an arm parallel to the channel and 3,200 feet long, in order to contract the channel and maintain 16 feet depth on Fort Hale Bar, when that depth should be obtained by dredging.

Up to July 1, 1892, the shore arm and 2,089 feet of the channel arm of the Sandy Point dike had been built; a 16-foot channel from 400 to 700 feet wide had been made and maintained all the way up the harbor to Tomlinson's Bridge, except over the Fort Hale Bar, where the depth is but 13 feet.

Commerce in this harbor has been much hampered by shoaling and by insufficient width in the upper part, where relief seemed to be more urgently needed than at Fort Hale Bar; therefore, during the past fiscal year dredging was done to widen the channel between Long Wharf and Tomlinson's Bridge, removing the shoals which had formed in the previous channel, making a depth of 16 feet at mean low water.

The increased width was of immediate benefit to vessels going to or from the wharves, or waiting for berth to unload.

Future appropriations will be applied to dredging and, if necessary,

to further extension of the dike.

July 1, 1892, balance unexpended....

Amount appropriated by act approved July 13, 1892.

June 30, 1893, amount expended during fiscal year...

July 1, 1893, balance unexpended.....................

Amount (estimated) required for completion of existing project.. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix D 6.)

$718.40

15, 000. 00

15, 718.40 15,447.82

270.58

48,000.00

48,000. 00

7. Breakwaters at New Haven, Conn.-In 1880 a project was adopted for making a harbor of refuge at the entrance of New Haven Harbor by the construction of two riprap breakwaters; the first to be 3,300 feet long, extending northeasterly from the light-house on Southwest Ledge to Quixes Ledge; the second to be 4,200 feet long, extending northwesterly from Luddington Rock. The estimated cost was $1,311,134.

The river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, provided:

And the Chief of Engineers may, if deemed necessary, relocate the western breakwater, and the Secretary of War is authorized, in his discretion, to expend any portion of said sum in commencing its construction.

The New Haven Harbor commissioners proposed a plan for relocation of the western breakwater, which would largely increase the anchorage afforded under the original project, and which would cost about $5,000,000.

There was no doubt of the desirability of increasing the anchorage ground, but the expenditure required by this plan was larger than the present demands of commerce seemed to warrant. A plan was suggested by the officer in charge for changing the location of the western breakwater to the southwest about 6,000 feet, and constructing a breakwater 5,000 feet long, which should start at a point 1,000 feet north 54 degrees east from Luddington Rock, and extend south 54 degrees west, crossing the rock; also for constructing a smaller breakwater from the east shore toward Quixes Ledge, to better protect the harbor from easterly storms, leaving an eastern entrance channel 800 feet wide and 13 feet deep. The cost of these works, in addition to the estimates of $1,311,134, would be about $840,000.

Upon appropriation of $120,000 by the river and harbor act of 1890, the modifications of project above described were adopted. Further details concerning this plan, and a sketch showing location of proposed works, are printed in the Annual Report for 1889, part 1, pp. 60 and 61; also Appendix D 6, pp. 675-685.

Up to July 1, 1892, the East Breakwater, 3,450 feet long, had been completed, affording considerable shelter to the east side of the harbor, and 1,980 linear feet of the Middle Breakwater overlying Luddington Rock had been built to partial height and width. During the past fiscal year the Middle Breakwater has been extended about 931 linear feet, and part has been built up to the required dimensions; under an exist ing contract it will be further extended to a total length of about 3,400 feet, and the whole work enlarged. At its present length the breakwater affords partial shelter to about one-half the west entrance to the harbor.

Under future appropriations it is proposed to extend the breakwater. July 1, 1892, balance unexpended........

Amount appropriated by act approved July 13, 1892

June 30, 1893, amount expended during fiscal year....

July 1, 1893, balance unexpended

July 1, 1893, outstanding liabilities

$28,477.96

$52,628.91 120,000.00

172, 628.91 85,571. 73

87,057. 18

81, 692.85

July 1, 1893, amount covered by uncompleted contracts.... 3, 214.89

July 1, 1893, balance available ............

Amount (estimated) required for completion of existing project.... Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895..

Submitted in compliance with requirements of section 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix D 7.)

5, 364.33 1,541, 134. 00

500,000.00

8. Milford Harbor, Connecticut.-This harbor consists of a broad, open bay, from the head of which a small tidal stream extends threequarters of a mile inland to the upper wharf, Originally the depth on

the bar at the mouth of the river was less than 2 feet at mean low water; in parts of the river the channel ran nearly bare.

Under the first project for improvement, adopted in 1872, a channel 4 feet deep and 100 feet wide was excavated through the bar, and thence 40 to 60 feet wide to the upper wharf; small jetties were built to protect the east bank from erosion, and two jetties were built to preserve the channel on the bar, at a total cost of $34,000. In 1881 a project was adopted for making the channel through the bar 8 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, at an estimated cost of $11,000.

The 8-foot channel has been completed to 100 feet width.

July 1, 1892, the channel over the outer bar was in fair condition; that from the bar to the upper wharves had shoaled somewhat, especially in the upper part. Long Jetty had been repaired as far as seemed necessary, and the project for the improvement was considered completed.

No work was done during the past fiscal year.

July 1, 1892, balance unexpended...

June 30, 1893, amount expended during fiscal year..

(See Appendix D 8.)

$175.46 175.46

9. Housatonic River, Connecticut.-The navigable part of this river extends from Derby, Conn., to Long Island Sound, a distance of 13 miles, and was originally obstructed by several bars upon which the low-water depth was from 3 to 5 feet.

In 1871 a project was adopted for making and maintaining a channel 100 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water, throughout this distance. Besides the necessary dredging, it contemplated building a breakwater east of the channel over the bar at the river's mouth.

A channel of the required depth has been dredged several times through the worst bars.

July 1, 1892, the available depth in the river channel was about 43 feet at mean low water, and over the bar, at the mouth, about 6 feet; the breakwater had been built to a length of 4,572 feet.

During the past fiscal year dredging has been done to make a depth of 7 feet on the outer bar, where work is now in progress, and the breakwater has been extended to a total length of 4,740 feet.

Under existing contracts, the channel at the mouth will be completed to 7 feet depth, the breakwater will be further extended to a length of about 5,000 feet; and a small dike will be begun near the mouth of the river, intended to straighten the channel and to reduce the dredging at the bend below Stratford. In order to make the channel permanent over the outer bar, it is necessary to further extend the breakwater, as projected.

(Amount (estimated) required for completion of existing project....... 112,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 100,000.00 Submitted in compliance with requirements of section 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893,

(See Appendix D 9.)

10. Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut.-The available depth in this harbor was originally 5 feet at mean low water.

The first project for improvement provided for an 8-foot channel over the outer and inner bars. This was dredged on the outer bar in 1837, and on both bars in 1853. In 1871 a project was adopted for making a channel 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide, subsequently modified to 300 feet, and for building a jetty on the east shore to check the influx of sand.

This was accomplished in 1882, and a new project was adopted for widening to 600 feet the channel from the inner beacon to the Naugatuck Railroad Wharf, to provide for vessels driven in by bad weather, without blocking the main channel. The estimated cost of the latter project was $60,000; it is very nearly completed. A small area remains near the inner beacon, which it is considered desirable to dredge. The project was extended in 1888 to include widening the channel above the railroad wharf in order to relieve the crowding at that point, and was further extended by act of Congress authorizing the expenditure of the appropriation of 1888 towards dredging a 9-foot channel up to the head of the upper harbor above the bridges, and by the river and harbor act of 1890, which directed the beginning of the breakwater from the tongue to the inner beacon. The total estimated cost of these extensions was $65,000, of which $30,000 has been appropriated.

Up to July 1, 1892, a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water existed from Long Island Sound nearly to the lower bridge with widths from 75 to 600 feet; at the lower bridge shoaling had slightly reduced the depth. Above the lower bridge, practically to the head of navigation, the channel was 9 feet deep at mean low water, and from 60 to 90 feet wide. The break water from the Tongue to the Inner Beacon had been built its full length, 1,165 feet, but not to the full cross section considered necessary for permanence; it afforded a shelter of value to the anchorage ground out to the lower wharves.

During the past fiscal year the anchorage between the Inner Beacon and the Naugatuck Railroad Wharf was widened by 170 feet, making the width of channel at that point about 770 feet. The location of this work was prescribed by the appropriation act, and being outside the project for improvement does not reduce the cost of completion of the project.

Future appropriations should be applied to extending and widening the channel above the horse railroad bridge, to repairing the harbor channel and widening it above the railroad wharf, and to enlarging the breakwater as projected.

Amount (estimated) required for completion of existing project. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 35,000.00 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix D 10.)

11. Black Rock Harbor, Connecticut.-This harbor consists of a bay partly sheltered by Fayerweather Island and of two small streams extending inland from the head of the bay. The depth in Cedar Creek,