of 1869, revised in 1875 and 1882, proposed to deepen this to 12 feet and extend the entrance piers into the lake 200 feet apart. The works have never been completed and are now for the greater part in a ruinous condition, while from the immense accessions of sand from the naked waste bordering the river on the north and the absence of proper protection the depth has not been increased to exceed 8 feet, with 10 feet as an exceptional and temporary feature. The river is an outlet for a considerable traffic during the fruit season even with all its disadvan tages, but for several years past the Government aid has been confined to dredging when the navigation became entirely obstructed.

The dredge worked on the bar and river for four months in 1892, removing 36,050 cubic yards; but in May, 1893, there was again but 6 and 5 feet, and at the urgent request of local interests the dredge was sent there again in June, and is still at work.

The total expenditures to July 1, 1892, were $139,094.25, and for the fiscal year $4,076.73.

The estimates for 1895 are for partly rebuilding the south pier to save it from entire loss, $18,000, and for dredging, $5,000, which with contingencies makes $25,000.

Amount (estimated) required for completion of existing project.... Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix M M 5.)

2,268. 02 509.33

1,758.69

30, 260.00

25,000.00

6. Holland (Black Lake) Harbor, Michigan.-The outlet from Holland Lake was originally improved to about 5 feet at local expense and the project of 1866, amended in 1873, 1879, and 1884, calls for a 12-foot channel between piers and revetments 200 feet apart.

To secure this depth the piers have insufficient development, and frequent dredging is resorted to to keep the harbor open.

The piers are respectively 713 and 696 feet long, terminating at about the 10-foot contour in the lake, while the 15-foot contour is about 500 feet farther out, and the commercial interests of the harbor are hampered by insufficiency of depth.

August, 1892, the draft was 9 feet, September 8 feet, and November 6 feet. In April, 1893, soundings showed but 7 feet between the piers, notwithstanding the rise in the lake.

The entrance was dredged in April and June, 1893, and a cut 50 feet wide and 1,440 feet long made to 18 feet. The total dredged was 15,587 cubic yards, and by July 1 the navigable depth throughout was 13 feet, which, however, can not be maintained.

The total expenditures to July 1, 1892, were $272,242.87, and for the fiscal year $2,377.20.

The estimate for 1895 is: For sheet piling to prevent seepage of sand, $7,460, and for general repairs, refilling, etc., $6,000, which with contingencies makes $15,000.

Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 15,000.00 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix M M 6.)

7. Grand Haven Harbor, Michigan.-Grand Haven, lying at the mouth of Grand River, in addition to its local commerce as the terminal of the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway, with which a line of trans-lake steamers connects, is the principal harbor of refuge on the coast, and with that object was designed with an entrance width of 400 feet and depth of 18 feet.

The mouth of the river was originally improved by the construction of a railway pier on the south side, and the work was taken in hand in 1866 with extensions authorized in 1880 and 1890.

Two great piers have been buiit, which, with the shore revetments, are respectively 3,187 and 5,576 feet in length. The outer ends of the piers are abreast each other, a position which, at Grand Haven, experience has shown to be most advantageous to the navigation. The works have secured very beneficial results, but there are still two matters of importance to be attended to. One the extension of the piers to their full length, of which 150 feet on the north and 100 feet on the south side are still lacking. The other is the control of the flying sand from the enormous dunes on the north side of the entrance, from which immense quantities of sand are annually blown into the river and, being carried down by the current, tend to maintain a bar directly opposite the middle of the entrance and outside the piers.

These dunes were originally covered with forest, but this was cut down and the surface left naked to dry and move with the wind. The work of regulating them by inducing natural growth of suitable vegetation is one requiring time and should not be deferred, as unless it is done the bar formation will continue, no matter to what length the piers extend.

It may be noted that this sand movement constitutes a vicious circle. The sands carried to the lake are then distributed and in part driven to the beach by wave and wind action, thence they climb the dunes, and, overlapping them, descend the slope to the river to be again transported to the lake. With vegetation on the dunes this circulation would cease.

The total expenditures to July 1, 1892, were $604,240.82, and for the fiscal year $33,959.38.

The navigation has been fairly satisfactory throughout the year, although in March, 1893, a prolonged flood in the river carried down a vast amount of sand, which reduced the entrance depth to less than 15 feet. By the end of March the sand wave had rolled out and the navigation improved. By June 13 there was again 17 feet at the entrance, with 15.9 feet on the bar outside.

The same spring flood seriously endangered a large portion of the curved revetment on the south side of the river, which regulates the

movement along the bend in the river inside the piers. The bottom was deeply scoured, leaving much of the front piling without support in the bottom, making necessary immediate measures to secure it. Arrangements had already been made for extensive repairs to the work, and these are still in hand.

The new 100 by 30 foot crib under contract was completed September, 1892, and in December further contract was made for 350 feet of north pier and 200 feet of the south pier. Work began in May, but progress has been slow.

In addition to completing the pier, extensive repairs to the old work are required. The estimate for 1895 is, to complete both piers, $35,000; to extend the north revetment upstream, $15,000; for rebuilding, repairing, refilling, etc., old work, $42,000; for dredging, sand fencing, and shrub planting, $12,000; total, with contingencies, $115,000. July 1, 1892, balance unexpended...............

Amount appropriated by act approved July 13, 1892.

$20,125.33 90,000.00

June 30, 1893, amount expended during fiscal year.......

110, 125. 33 33,959.38

July 1, 1893, balance unexpended

76, 165.95

July 1, 1893, outstanding liabilities...

$830.91

July 1, 1893, amount covered by uncompleted contracts......

58, 601.95

59, 432.86

16, 733. 09

July 1, 1893, balance available....

Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30,1895 115,000.00 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix M M 7.)

8. Muskegon Harbor, Michigan.—Muskegon is the largest of the interior lakes which are scattered along the east shore of Lake Michigan. The river of the same name discharges through it, and the city of Muskegon, with a population of over 30,000, is built on its shores. With these advantages, three lines of railway, and numerous steamers, the harbor is an important one and its commerce large.

The entrance was originally deepened, at private cost, to about 7 feet. The project of 1866, amended in 1869, 1873, 1881, and 1884, called for a 13-foot channel with an entrance width of 300 feet. The revision of 1890 was to close a gap in the north pier and that of 1892 to deepen the navagation to 15 feet, through from lake to lake, and extend both piers 800 feet. With the increasing draft of lake vessels, the necessity becomes the greater to maintain a safe navigable depth at the entrances to all the important harbors if the needs of commerce are to be met.

For this purpose the piers must reach a depth in the lake greater than that to be maintained between them, the banks of the channel inside the piers should be revetted to prevent inflow of sand to the channel, and from time to time dredging is necessary to remove shoals due to drift from the lake shores and bed.

The total expenditures to July 1, 1892, were $317,796.53.

The piers are respectively 1,544 and 1,180 feet in length and need 800 feet to complete them, of which 250 and 300 feet are now under contract, leaving 550 and 500 feet to be appropriated for.

The expenditures for the fiscal year were $15,567.17.

The navigation has been fairly maintained, but at the end of April, 1893, there was only 11.8 feet near the entrance, and dredging was imperative. The United States plant being engaged elsewhere, a con

The inner harbor is Pere Marquette Lake, on which the city is built. The natural outlet had about 6 feet of water. The project of 1867 called for 12 feet, with an entrance width between piers and revetments of 200 feet. In 1885, the scope of the project was enlarged in order to create a "harbor of refuge" for general lake commerce, with width of 400 feet and channel depth of 18 feet. In 1890, however, local circumstances indicated a preferable retention of the original width.

The harbor works, as completed in 1890, have a total length of 1,450 and 2,300 feet, respectively, the south pier being 350 feet the longer; while generally in good and effective condition much of the older work is in need of repair.

With occasional dredging to remove deposits between the piers, a satisfactory navigation of from 14 to 16 feet is maintained.

The total expenditures to July 1, 1892, were $349,216.57 and for the fiscal year, $758.44.

The channel depth continued at about 14.5 feet during the season of 1892. In November, 13.6 feet was found, but in June, 1893, the least channel depth was 14.5 feet, the lake having risen a foot.

The dredge began work June 25 to widen and deepen the fairway and by July 1 had taken out 4,858 cubic yards.

The stone filling in the outer portion of the south pier having settled considerably, provision was made for refilling it. The cribs are provided with partly open bottoms, in order that as erosion of the lake bed may take place from the action of the waves and currents the stone ballast shall pass down and maintain the solidity of the work upon the aggregate mass of which its service and security depend.

The estimate for 1895 is as follows: Rebuilding two sections of north pier, $8,470, and two sections of south pier, $13,100; general repairs and filling, $5,000; dredging, $4,000; which, with contingencies, makes $34,000.

Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 34,000.00 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893. (See Appendix M M 11.)

12. Manistee Harbor, Michigan.-The commerce of Manistee is large and is maintained throughout the year, the Flint and Pere Marquette Railway Company having a terminal here, as well as at Ludington, and the salt and lumber shipments are heavy.

Manistee River enters the lake of same name and thence flows to Lake Michigan about 8,000 feet distant.

As originally deepened by lumber industries, the entrance had 7 or 8 feet of water. The project of 1867, revised in 1871, 1873, and 1875, called for 12 feet between piers 180 feet apart. As again revised in 1890, the depth was to be increased to 15 feet and the improvement to extend through the river from lake to lake, the natural depth being from 10 to 11 feet only. The work was done in 1891, but in May, 1892, the river channel had shoaled to 13 feet, owing to the narrowness of

the stream, the unprotected state of the banks, and the large number of vessels passing. The act of July 13, 1892, took cognizance of this and provided that further dredging in the river should be contingent on proper bank protection.

The entrance piers have a length of 1,251 feet and 1,129 feet, respectively, with 350 feet of extension required for each. Much of the older work is in need of repair.

The total expenditures to July, 1892, were $222,669.31, and for the fiscal year $9,440.84. The outer north cribs, needing ballast, were refilled and riprapped. Contract was made December, 1892, for 350 feet of pier on the north side to complete it. The work is in progress and will be completed this season, the first crib having been sunk June 23.

In May, 1893, repairs were begun on the portions of older work most in need of them, and continued to the end of the year, cutting down and rebuilding, overhauling, filling, removing broken timber and closing gaps.

The navigation was fairly good during 1892, but this spring further dredging was required, which was done in May and June, making a cut 60 feet wide and 18 feet deep for a distance of 980 feet. Between the piers a 13-foot shoal was deepened to 18 feet with a width of 80 feet. The total amount dredged was 24,970 cubic yards.

The south pier should be completed by building an additional 350 feet and the repairs continued.

The estimate for 1895 is: To complete the south pier, $42,000; for repairs and sheet piling, $9,300, and for dredging, $4,000; total, with contingencies, $61,000.

July 1, 1893, amount covered by uncompleted contracts..........

29, 863. 34

31, 335. 36

14, 554. 49

July 1, 1893, balance available......

Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 61, 000. 00 Submitted in compliance with requirements of sections 2 of river and harbor acts of 1866 and 1867 and of sundry civil act of March 3, 1893.

(See Appendix M M 12.)

13. Harbor of refuge at Portage Lake, Manistee County, Mich.-There is but one harbor of refuge on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, that at Grand Haven, and another is needed in the north middle section of the lake. Portage Lake was adopted in 1879 as a favorable location and the project of that date, modified in 1880 and 1881, provided for an entrance depth of 18 feet and width of 370.

The appropriations made for this purpose have been so disproportionate that no practical result has been attained. The entrance is choked with sand and the half-built piers are almost in ruins. The navigable depth is only from 7 to 9 feet.

The total expenditures to July 1, 1892, were $95,055.92, and for the fiscal year, $1,558.69.

The entrance was dredged in June, 1892, to 13 feet, which gradually diminished to 8 feet at the end of the season. June, 1893, the depth was 8.8 feet.