that Federal grants would not be frittered away in activities yielding no permanent results. The library leaders promoting the current bills for Federal aid are fully aware of this situation. Their efforts are turned toward setting standards and allocating funds to be granted so that the State library agencies will be stimulated and improved in the process of demonstration. As was suggested in chapter 7, the development of strong State library agencies has high priority in the program of public library development for the years immediately ahead.

Mr. LANDRUM. Does that complete your statement?
Dr. LEIGH. Yes.

Mr. LANDRUM. Do you have questions?

Mr. METCALF. Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Dr. Leigh if he thinks that the survey that was made does provide evidence that State authorities and State legislatures can definitely develop library programs with the stimulus that you have recommended.

Dr. LEIGH. Yes. Of course, one could not surely make the statement that in 1 or 2 or 5 years all of our 48 States will do it. But it seems to me it is the way that it will be done. And I think stimulation has already taken place to some extent by good development in some of the States. I think that would be greatly accelerated by a regular scheme of stimulation through Federal aid.

Mr. METCALF. It has been suggested that while the objectives of this program are good, and that we would like to bring library services to these 27 million people who are without them, that this is not the proper time because there is greater need for the money elsewhere, and also because Federal grants would not be as effective at this time as they might be at some future time.

I wonder if, from your experience in this survey that you supervised, you could comment on those suggestions.

Dr. LEIGH. As I have become acquainted with librarians-and I am not a librarian myself-and have kept in touch with library literature and have made library visits since 1950, it seems to me that we are in a period of receptivity to library extension which is as favorable as any time I have ever known.

I don't know what there is in the present situation that makes it unfavorable.

I would say that it is a very favorable time.

The report that we have made, which the Carnegie people put a lot of money into, has been rather widely read, I think. And the main burden of our report is this extension of adequate library service to rural areas. In the book and elsewhere in actual practice are the means of doing that if State leadership through Federal aid can develop those programs, so that I think it is a very favorable time myself. Mr. METCALF (presiding). Thank you.

Do you have any questions?

Mr. Coon. No; I believe not.

Mr. METCALF. Thank you very much for giving us your opinions and your very knowledgeable statement.

Dr. LEIGH. Thank you.

Mr. METCALF. The next witness is Mr. Baily.

Will you come forward, please.

Mr. BAILY. Good morning.

Mr. METCALF. Good morning, Mr. Baily. Will you identify yourself and proceed in any way you want.

STATEMENT OF HAROLD J. BAILY, FIRST VICE PRESIDENT, TRUSTEES SECTION, PUBLIC LIBRARIES DIVISON, AMERCAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Mr. BAILY. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am Harold J. Baily, and I live at 3437 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. I am a lawyer practicing law in New York City, and have an office on Broadway near Trinity Church.

Your graciousness in permitting a representative of public library trustees to appear before you to speak in behalf of the library services bill is heartily appreciated. Your own interest in this proposed legislation shows your eagerness to promote the welfare and education of the American people who happen to live in rural areas. For this, too, library trustees are grateful.

It is evident that you desire those appearing before you to give at the outset some information about themselves. Public library trustees are interested in and work for public libraries as volunteers without expecting or receiving any pay. They determine the policies of their libraries, select and employ the chief librarian, perform many other duties, and customarily are appointed by the mayor of the municipality in which they serve their fellow citizens.

This witness has been a trustee since 1939, and, for more than 13 years, secretary of the Brooklyn Public Library. He is first vice president of the trustees section of the public libraries division of the American Library Association which has trustee members from all over the United States and which favors Federal aid for rural libraries and has directed him to urge the passage of the library services bill. He is a member of the council of the American Library Association. He is trustee, counsel, and vice chairman of the Library Trustees Foundation of New York State. He is chairman of the library committees of two civic groups in Brooklyn, but is not a librarian, owns no stock in any publishing concern and neither he nor the Brooklyn Public Library will gain financially under the library services bill.

As national awareness of the importance of libraries develops we, of course, hope that libraries already in existence will benefit by increased citizen interest in and use of public libraries.

Other speakers will discuss the technical features of the bill, present statistics proving the absence of library service in rural areas and indicate specific uses for the money. We pride ourselves upon being an enlightened and progressive people, and yet it appears that more than 26 million Americans are not served by local public libraries, and that 53 million more have sadly inadequate library service.

Libraries are second only to schools in their capacity to educate our citizens. No time should be lost in enacting the library services bill and in thus stimulating the States at this late date to fill this vital need for books, magazines, and the services which an adequate library provides.

This is pioneering legislation. It is the first time Federal stimulation seems likely to help establish library service in rural areas. The first town-supported free public library in the United States was opened in Peterboro, N. H., on April 9, 1833. In the 122 years since then not enough progress has been made in library service here, and State and Federal aid are required in the rural areas of this country lest they continue to lack libraries.

The time for action has now come, and we hope your committee will approve and Congress will enact without delay the bill you are considering.

The trustees section of the public libraries division of the American Library Association is so strongly in favor of the library services bill that it has twice passed resolutions endorsing this legislation and directing me to speak in favor of the bill.

On May 9, 1955 the Brooklyn Civic Council unanimously adopted a resolution supporting the bill.

On May 17 the trustees of the Brooklyn Public Library approved the library services bill.

The trustees of the Library Trustees Foundation of New York State, in its annual meeting in Rochester, N. Y., on May 20, endorsed the bill, urged its passage and directed me to tell you of its action.

The chief librarians of the Brooklyn Public Library, the New York Public Library and the Queens Public Library have all told me that they favor the bill. These are the three library systems in New York City.

The bills' authorized annual appropriation of $71⁄2 million, when supplemented by payments from the States, whose library plans are approved, is certain to do great good. We hope the benefit to our rural population will be out of proportion to the amount involved which does not seem large when compared to the cost of maintaining a big library. For example, the total expenditures of the Brooklyn Public Library for its fiscal year ending June 30, 1955, will amount to $3,738,269. This is merely for running the library. The additional $2,048,000 which comes from the city's capital budget for basic book stock, furniture, and buildings, brings the total for the fiscal year which ends next month to $5,786,269.

Add only $2 million to this amount and it will exceed the appropriation sought for the whole country.

Although the Borough of Brooklyn will not benefit under the bill, rural areas in New York State will. So will country folk in Georgia, Montana, and Oregon, represented by members of this subcommittee, and rural dwellers in all our other States.

It is interesting to compare the population of these three States with that of the Borough of Brooklyn. First is Montana with 591,024 (1950 census), then comes Oregon with 1,521,341, Brooklyn with 2,738,175 surpassed only by Georgia with its 3,444,578.

American citizens deserve and should have adequate library service whether they live in a big city or in the sparsely settled countryside. On April 1, 1950, the New York State law granting State aid to public libraries went into effect. As a result of this enlightened legislation, qualified libraries have already been greatly benefited, and others have been stimulated to improve the library service offered their communities so as, likewise, to become entitled to substantial State aid.

As a member of the Governor's committee on library aid, the speaker learned that many of our citizens have inadequate library service, or, even more lamentably, no such service at all. Of this no American can be proud, for, as our committee said in its report to the Governor-and I hold up a copy of the report. Its title is a good title to use as a text: Library Service For All.

Public libraries help men and women to do their work, conduct their businesses, or practice their professions more effectively, to improve their homes and to bring up children, and to participate more intelligently in the affairs of their communities and their government. They assist business, labor and agriculture by providing essential information. They help to promote better understanding between individuals and groups with different backgrounds and varied interests. Nationwide, the situation is far worse than it is in New York where we have started to do something about it.

Pitifully inadequate local and county appropriations sustain most of such library service as there is in many rural and sparsely populated communities. Very few States as yet grant substantial sums to aid their public libraries.

The bill before you is intended to help provide library service for millions of our citizens dwelling in rural areas; to attain this objective, State and Federal aid seem to be the only means.

Libraries must be brought to our people wherever they live. The rural resident is the forgotten man in library service. Libraries we have in the cities; we need libraries for those on the land.

It is clear that only by the cooperation of local, State, and Federal governments can we hope throughtout the Nation to foster and maintain adequately the public library-that great force for good.

We hope that your committee will report the library services bill with your approval and will take forthright and vigorous steps to insure its enactment.

When Senator Lister Hill introduced this identical bill in the Senate on January 20, 1955, he said:

A highly trained, fully informed citizenry is essential to the defense of our freedom, the preservation of our country and the building of lasting peace.

This we also believe.

The objectives of the public library are many and various. But, in essence, they are two: to promote enlightened citizenship and to enrich personal life.

The public library comes closer than any other institution to being the capstone of our educational system. We should strive to bring an adequate, purposeful library into the life of every American.

The trustees entreat you to report in favor of this bill and to do all you can to insure its prompt passage.

Once more I thank you for the privilege of attending this hearing and of expressing the views of the public library trustees, those publicspirited men and women who are working diligently and unselfishly to improve public libraries and their service to the citizens of our country.

We earnestly believe that you will be serving the United States well if you will do your wholehearted best to secure forthright the enactment of the library services bill.

Mr. LANDRUM. Thank you, Mr. Baily.

You detailed on page 1 of your statement, which I did not hear you read, but I assume you did

Mr. BAILY. I believe so.

Mr. LANDRUM. With regard to your background.

Mr. BAILY. Yes.

Mr. LANDRUM. I will ask you this first question in that regard: Is the American Library Association a paying client of yours in the practice of law?

Mr. BAILY. No.

Mr. LANDRUM. Do you receive any remuneration whatsoever from the American Library Association or from your position as vice president of the trustees section of it?

Mr. BAILY. None whatever, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. LANDRUM. Are you appearing here at your own expense, or is someone or some organization bearing that for you?

Mr. BAILY. It is likely that the trustees section of the American Library Association will pay a part of the expenses.

Mr. LANDRUM. And, as you state on page 1, there is no other connection with any publishing concern?

Mr. BAILY. No.

Mr. LANDRUM. You appear only to express your own views?

Mr. BAILY. My own views and the views of the library trustees section of the American Library Association, these other organizations. Mr. LANDRUM. Very well.

Do you have any questions, Mr. Metcalf?

Mr. METCALF. I have no questions.

I want to thank Mr. Baily for coming down from New York where this bill is not needed, and asking this committee to bring some help and assistance to rural areas such as the area that I represent where the services provided by this bill are needed.

We have on this committee five outstanding members from the great State of New York, and I am sure that your testimony will be of great benefit when this matter is considered by the full committee.

Mr. BAILY. Thank you very much.

Mr. LANDRUM. Mr. Coon?

Mr. Coon. No questions.

Mr. LANDRUM. Thank you, Mr. Baily, for coming down.
Mr. BAILY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. LANDRUM. The next witness is Mrs. Paul Hartz, legislative chairman of the General Federation of Women's Clubs of Waverly, Va.

STATEMENT OF MRS. A. PAUL HARTZ, WAVERLY, VA., LEGISLATIVE CHAIRMAN, GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS Mrs. HARTZ. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I, too, thank you for giving me this opportunity of appearing before your committee.

I am Mrs. A. Paul Hartz, chairman of legislation for the General Federation of Women's Clubs, an organization of 52 million women in the United States, which was chartered by Congress in 1901. And may I add that, although I represent women from the very largest cities in the United States, I represent many from rural areas, and I myself come from a small town of 1,800.

Since its very beginning in 1890 the General Federation of Women's Clubs has been intensely interested in the promotion of good library service.

Several years ago the American Library Association credited this organization with having started 85 percent of the libraries in the United States. Our 15,000 clubs are continuing their activity in this field, maintaining many libraries in areas without any or with in